Chapter 6 & 7 Notes

Energy is the ability to do work. Autotrophs make their own food (ex. Plants). Heterotrophs have to consume something else to get their energy (ex. Animals).

ATP = stored energy ATP is used by all types of cells as their main energy source.

Know the parts of ATP & ADP! p. 54 Draw

ADP has very little energy, but when a phosphate is added, it becomes ATP and has stored energy. When a phosphate is removed from ATP, it becomes ADP and energy is released to be used in the cell.

ATP -> ADP + P + Energy This process is a cycle – it occurs over and over again. ATP -> ADP + P -> ATP -> ADP + P

Know the chemical & word equation for photosynthesis on 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O +LIGHT  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 CARBON DIOXIDE +WATER +LIGHT -> GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN Reactants (on left) enter into a chemical reaction. Products (on right) are produced by a chemical reaction. End part 1

Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs light energy during photosynthesis. This pigment is the green pigment in chloroplasts.

The light dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membrane. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma (the area outside the thylakoid membrane).

Calvin cycle = Glucose (aka: dark reaction) light dependent reaction = Oxygen

Be familiar with Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis and Figure 9-2 Cellular Respiration on handout. Know the parts and know reactants & products of each.

Four factors that affect photosynthesis are 1. water, 2. temperature, 3. light, and 4. carbon dioxide levels.

Enzymes speed up the reactions in photosynthesis. They function best at certain temperatures. (This is true for all enzymes.) End Part 2

Photosynthesis occurs in the cell’s chloroplasts (see p. 87), and cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria (see p. 74).

Photosynthesis - Light energy is stored in chemical bonds Cellular respiration(CR) – the energy stored in glucose is then transferred to ATP Cellular Resp. occurs in plant and animal cells.

Fermentation is anaerobic (without oxygen) but only produces 2 ATP. Cellular respiration is aerobic (requires oxygen) and produces 36 ATP (net).

1 st Step 2 nd Step 3 rd Step

The 2 types of fermentation are: 1. Alcoholic (Ex. Producing alcohol & yeast making bread rise) 2. Lactic acid – (Ex. Strenuous exercise builds up lactic acid in muscles and makes them sore) END Part 3

Respiration can refer to breathing. Cellular respiration is when energy is transferred from glucose (food) to ATP for energy for the cell to use.

Photosynthesis & cellular respiration are opposites of each other. The products of one are the reactants of the other.

In autotrophs, photosynthesis produces glucose in chloroplasts and it is stored in the plant. Heterotrophs can eat the plant. When the plant or animal cell needs energy, cellular respiration uses the energy from the stored glucose to add a phosphate to ADP to change it to ATP. When the phosphate breaks off the ATP, energy is released for cell processes.