Enzymes, Photosynthesis, & Cellular Respiration Entire Unit 2012

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to describe ALL concepts from Ecology 2.Be able to describe what an enzyme is and why it is important. 3.Be define denaturing and define how proteins could become denatured.

Folders Write Name on the top Put in your folders –Questions of the Day –Study Guides –Test corrections!

Test Corrections You will correct each question you missed On a separate sheet of paper: –Write out question, and then write the correct answer –For graphs, redraw & label the entire graph –For co-evolutionary relationships write out what each organism gets out of the relationship

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to DRAW & describe what an enzyme is and what it does 2.Be able to define activation energy 3.Be able to name the things that affect enzyme activity & why they do so.

Question of the Day What two things can denature an enzyme? What does it mean to denature an enzyme?

Chemical Reactions The breaking down or building up of substances

Example of a chemical equation Na + Cl NaCl The arrow is like an equals sign

-The breaking down or building up of substances Reactants = what we start with Products = what we end with Chemical Reactions

Example of a chemical equation Na + Cl NaCl The arrow is like an equals sign

Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions require energy to start

Chemical Reactions What does activate mean? (Think about activating your new cell phone) Activation Energy -is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Catalase 2H 2 O 2 Catalase 2H 2 O + O 2

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to DRAW & describe what an enzyme is and what it does 2.Be able to define activation energy 3.Be able to name the things that affect enzyme activity & why they do so.

Question of the Day What is Activation Energy?

Substrate: Molecule that uses an enzyme Active Site : Folds in an enzyme where the substrate fits

Energy comes in many forms!!!!!!!! Lets name some:

Activation Energy is the energy needed to start a reaction ENERGY TIME ACTIVATION ENERGY Products Reactants

A car has been running for a while you turn it off and open the hood. You touch the engine what happens? What does it feel like? The reactions need a high temperature to run. Why? What is heat? What does the heat represent in this situation?

Reactions in your body also require a high temp. Does your body get as hot as the car engine? What would happen if your body was this hot?

Enzymes Enzyme – A protein that acts as a catalyst Catalyst – a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or destroyed. Enzymes are responsible for almost ALL chemical reactions in living things (Organisms).

Enzymes How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction? ENZYMES speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy ()()

Enzymes ENZYMES speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy required to start a reaction) ENERGY TIME ACTIVATION ENERGY Products Reactants ACTIVATION ENERGY with ENZYME

Enzymes Why do we put the enzyme above the arrow, and not on the side of the reactants or products? Example of a chemical equation Reactants Product AB A + B ENZYME

ENZYMES Enzymes do not ever get used up. Enzymes do not die, but they can denature (become unusable, ruined, no longer work)

Catalase 2H 2 O 2 Catalase 2H 2 O + O 2

ENZYMES Three things that effect enzyme activity 1.Temperature 2. pH (acidic or basic) 3. Concentration (how many enzymes are working)

Types of Enzymes Anabolic Enzyme – helps to build a molecule Example of reaction helped by anabolic enzymes:

Enzymes Catabolic Enzyme – helps to break something down Example of reactions helped by catabolic enzymes:

Assignment Get a Enzyme Study Guide from the front of the room. Complete the enzyme study guide using your notes & book if necessary. We will have a skills check on FRIDAY over enzymes Once you complete your study guide finish your lab from yesterday (Tuesday 10/23) We will have time for questions tomorrow. When you are finished with both of these things find something to work on quietly.

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to DRAW & describe what an enzyme is and what it does 2.Be able to define activation energy 3.Be able to name the things that affect enzyme activity & why they do so.

Question of the Day How does an ENZYME speed up a chemical reaction? By lowering the ________ _______

Enzymes ENZYMES speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy required to start a reaction) ENERGY TIME ACTIVATION ENERGY Products Reactants ACTIVATION ENERGY with ENZYME

Enzyme Lab What was the substrate in our lab? What was the enzyme in our lab? Why is the enzyme written above the arrow?

Assignments Enzyme Study Guide Lab Questions

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to DRAW & describe what an enzyme is and what it does 2.Demonstrate what we’ve learned about enzymes

Question of the Day Draw a catabolic enzyme reaction

Enzymes Catabolic Enzyme – helps to break something down Example of reactions helped by catabolic enzymes:

Jello Lab

Substrate Molecule that uses an enzyme Active Site Folds in an enzyme where the substrate fits

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process 2.Be able to say in what cell part these reactions take place, and which organisms have them.

Question of the Day Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are involved in what NUTRIENT CYCLE? What are the other nutrient cycles we discussed?

In the Carbon Cycle, what is unique about photosynthesis?

Chemical Equation for Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP Label the reactants & Products

Chemical Equation for Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP What organisms Do cellular respiration? Why?

Chemical Equation Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Label the reactants & Products

Chemical Equation Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 What types of organisms do photosynthesis?

Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis In your notes: write out a relationship between the reactants & products of photosynthesis & cellular respiration

TURNING SUN ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY 8. In what structure does it happen? THE CHLOROPLAST

TURNING Glucose INTO ATP (ENERGY) 8. In what structure does it happen? THE Mitochondria

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process 2.Be able to say in what cell part these reactions take place, and which organisms have them. 3.Be able to draw the ATP molecule and explain how it stores & releases energy.

Question of the Day Plants carry out photosynthesis in what cell part? Cellular respiration in Plants & Animals takes place in what cell part?

Chemical Equation Cards

ATP – a cell’s energy source one of the only molecules in organisms that can efficiently store and release energy Adenosine3 Phosphate groups Adenosine Triphosphate

Break off a phosphate – RELEASE ENERGY!

Put the phosphate back on – STORE ENERGY!

Goals for the Day 1.Start thinking about where the mass of a plant comes from. 2.Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process 3.Be able to say in what cell part these reactions take place, and which organisms have them.

Question of the Day What is happening in these reactions in terms of Energy? 1. Chemical bond built 2.Chemical bond broken

Chemical Equation Cards

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION

Cell Respiration Where does it occur? Is cell respiration just breathing? Explain.

Journey of a Carbon Atom

Where does the mass of a plant come from?

Complete questions 1-4 on the mass of a plant sheet. Then discuss #5 with a neighbor

Assignments Finish Journey of a Carbon Atom Complete the front side of Mass of a Plant

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to say where most of the mass of a plant comes from. 2.Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process 3.Be able to say in what cell part these reactions take place, and which organisms have them.

Question of the Day What are limiting factors for plants?

Plants Cell Parts Plants, but not animals have ____________ in their cells. This allows them to turn light energy into chemical energy.

Plants Cell Parts In addition to chloroplasts plant cells also contain a Cell Wall made of cellulose. CELL WALL functions: Protect, Connect, & Support the plant’s cells.

Plants Cell Parts Cellulose, like Glucose is a ______ that plants produce.

Where does the mass of a plant come from?

Largest Tree by Volume: General Sherman FeetMeters Height above Base Circumference at Ground Maximum Diameter at Base Diameter of Largest Branch Estimated Weight 12 million pounds Age years old

Where did that 12 million pounds come from?

Harvard Graduates responses pup02.htmlhttp:// pup02.html Watch 8:10 – 10:45

Van Helmont 5 year Experiment Does a plant’s mass come from the soil?

If not from the Soil then from what?

Harvard Graduates responses pup02.htmlhttp:// pup02.html Watch 51:20-53:00

Questions 8 & 9

Does Air Have Mass? YES!

Harvard Graduates responses pup02.htmlhttp:// pup02.html Watch 1:02

Where does the Mass of a plant come from? Where does a pumpkin plant get the mass to grow a 7 pound pumpkin? Where doe a tree get the material to grow a body of 12 million pounds? Answer: Carbon Dioxide – CO 2

Goals for the Day 1.Be able to say where most of the mass of a plant comes from. 2.Demonstrate that we are able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process 3.Demonstrate that we are able to say in what cell part these reactions take place, and which organisms have them.

Question of the Day Where does the mass of a plant come from? Indirectly, where does our mass, and the mass of other consumers come from?

Practice Equations

Journey of a Carbon Atom

Goals for the Day 1.Understand the processes that make up cell respiration and be able to describe the efficiency of each. 2.Be able to describe what happens in our cells when we don’t have oxygen for cell respiration & how this process compares to cell respiration with oxygen. 3.Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and Cell respiration. Identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process

Question of the Day ATP is produced during ___________(process), and most of it is produced in the ____________(organelle)

Glycolysis – the first step of cell respiration no matter what! -Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose -It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell -It makes 2 ATP molecules out of glucose -It also releases pyruvic acid and hydrogen

Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Types of Cell Respiration

Oxidative Respiration (aerobic process) – second part of cell respiration Takes place inside the mitochondria First part of oxidative respiration Produces 2 ATP, several hydrogens, and two molecules of carbon dioxide Where does the carbon dioxide go?

Second part of oxidative respiration Hydrogen released from Glycolysis and the first part of oxidative respiration goes into the electron transport chain. Hydrogen goes into the chain and meets at the end with oxygen Produces 34 ATP and water Where does the water go? Where did the oxygen come from?

How is burning fuel in a car similar to burning sugar in our cells?

RESPIRATION Burning fuel to release energy!

Cellular Respiration 1. What are the two steps of cellular respiration ? 2. Which step is more efficient? 3. Which step produces more ATP? 4. What kinds of organisms do cellular respiration ? Glycolysis & Oxidative reduction (aerobic respiration Oxidative reduction (aerobic respiration) All organisms

What Happens when Oxygen is Not Present after Glycolysis? We get FERMENTATION!

Fermentation Occurs in yeasts, some bacteria, and animals (including humans) Does not use oxygen Two Types Lactic Acid Alcohol

Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation in yeasts and bacteria… Products of glycolysis combine to produce ethyl alcohol Most of the energy from glucose goes into the bonds of the ethyl alcohol molecule. What do bonds contain?

Fermentation When would we not have enough oxygen? Lactic Acid Fermentation in animals…. Products of glycolysis combine to produce lactic acid Happens in the cytoplasm Only 2 ATP total are produced in fermentation (anaerobic respiration) versus 36 in aerobic respiration

Fermentation in animals… Our muscle cells are forced to use lactic acid fermentation The accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle cells is one of the causes of muscle soreness

Cellular Respiration & Fermentation 1. When does fermentation (anaerobic respiration) occur ? 2. How does fermentation (anaerobic respiration) compare to aerobic respiration? 3. Which produces more ATP? 4. What are the two types of fermentation and what organisms do each type ? When cells do not have enough oxygen to do aerobic respiration Oxygen use, efficiency, ATP production Oxidative reduction (aerobic respiration) Alcohol fermentation: yeasts & bacteria Lactic Acid fermentation: animals, including us!

Skills Checks - Correction

Goals for the Day 1.Understand the processes that make up cell respiration and be able to describe the efficiency of each. 2.Be able to describe what happens in our cells when we don’t have oxygen for cell respiration & how this process compares to cell respiration with oxygen. 3.Be able to write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and Cell respiration. Identify the products and reactants and say what organisms do each process

Question of the Day Regardless of whether you have _________ (gas) the first step of cellular respiration is ______________ which occurs in the ________.

Yeast! What is yeast? Make a list of what you know about yeast because it is a living thing. Does yeast do cellular respiration?

Cell Respiration Pathways

Cell Respiration Review Video

Play Volunteers! 1.Narrator 2.Daisy 1 3.Daisy 2 4.Grass Blade 1 5.Grass Blade 2 6.Tulip 7.Ladybug 8.Clover 9.Rain 10.Air 11.Grasshopper

Plant Cells Yes – None for Animals

Plant Cells Yes – None for Animals 1. Chloroplasts - with chlorophyll 2. Cell wall made of cellulose 3. Central Vacuole – stores food, water, & waste

Goals for the Day 1.Feel Prepared for the test TOMORROW! 2.ASK QUESTIONS!!

Question of the Day What are the 3 cell parts that plants have, but animals lack? Hint: 3 Cs