Some General Guidelines Conceptual/Theoretical Schools

Civil Society - theories relation btw state – civil society – Hegel, Gramsci, de Tocqueville, Havel, Keane links between civil society and democratic regimes: – de Tocqueville – Almond, Verba (political culture) – Putnam civil society-globalization M. Edwards – literature typology – civil society as associational life – civil society as good society categories of civil society (Cohen, Arato) open society public space (Habermas) civic associations non-state actors social capital (Putnam) global civil society (Kaldor) ! Clarifying definition

Public administration - theories classic public administrationpublic administration – Weber (monocratic hierarchy; policy top-bottom) – F. Taylor, W. Wilson – G. Peters – major characteristics – Focus on industrialised/developed world new public managementpublic management – R. Behn, D. Kettl – Marketisation of administration (performance replace tight control from top) – Look at non-industrialised world postmodern public administration theory Values, ethics Concepts: bureaucracy bureaucratic politics legitimacy accountability decision-making policy process policy choices input, output efficiency public good governance

Democratic Peace Theories Paradigm: democracies do not fight each other normative view: Kant's Zum ewigen Frieden (a world of only constitutional republics = perpetual peace) classical studies of war: Richardson, Sorokin, Wright statistical studies: Babst (1964, 1972) Maoz & Russett (1992, 1993)-statistical correlation between democracy and peacefullness Singer & Small (1976), Correlates of War Project Rummel (1983)- freedom proposition/democide Explanatory variables (Russett, 1993; Doyle 1983, 1986): democratic norms electorate (rational choice against the war; public discourse diversity – convincing audience harder) economic interests (trade – peace relation, Buruma), business elites Scope and range of literature ballooned since mid90s Criticisms: statistical significance

Democratization and War Mansfield & Snyder (1995): Democratization is dangerous Oneal & Russett (1997), Russett & Oneal (2001): It is not! Ward & Gleditsch (1998): Dangers of democratization soon outweighed by level effect Failed democratization is dangerous Mansfield & Snyder (2002a,b, 2005): Incomplete democratization is dangerous Limitations: Change vs. level, longer-term effects, neighborhood effect

Path Dependency Historical institutionalism – History matters – Morphogenetic cycle (Archer)