Enlightenment An intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18th C. An intellectual movement originating in France in the 2nd half of the 18th C. 特点： using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, unexamined authority, and oppression of church or state – Age of Reason 特点： using critical reason to free mind from prejudice, unexamined authority, and oppression of church or state – Age of Reason 先驱： 先驱： 1. J. Locke: materialist theory （知识来源于经验，人脑可以 认识世界） 2. I. Newton: law of universal gravitation ( 自然是由法则支配 的，法则可以被人认识 ) Belief in: natural law, universal order, human reason Belief in: natural law, universal order, human reason Prominent figures: 伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭 Prominent figures: 伏尔泰，孟德斯鸠，狄德罗，卢梭 French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and ideas French Encyclopedia: popularized new kn. and ideas

Influences in Various Aspects Politics: rationalization of gov. and law (separation of powers) Social contact vs. divine right of kings Ideology: freedom, equality and fraternity vs. feudal privileges; kn. & sci. vs prejudice & ignorance Philosophy: materialism vs. scholasticism Religion: Deism vs. Christianity Art & L.: decorum ( 规范 ) Economy: laissezfaire vs. state interference (feudal bondage)

Historical Context : peaceful : peaceful After 1750: full of ideological, political, social and economic revolutions After 1750: full of ideological, political, social and economic revolutions 1776: American Rev. – Declaration of Independence 1776: American Rev. – Declaration of Independence 1789: French Rev. – Declaration of Rights of Man 1789: French Rev. – Declaration of Rights of Man : English Industrial Rev : English Industrial Rev. Result: growth of modern capitalism Result: growth of modern capitalism

Romanticism ( 18-19th C ) Individual freedom and aspirations; Individual freedom and aspirations; Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous; Shift from conformist to creative and adventurous; Giving impetus to national movement; Giving impetus to national movement; Direct contact with Nature for inspiration; Direct contact with Nature for inspiration; Pure sentiment, ideal beauty Pure sentiment, ideal beauty In search for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural; In search for subjective, spontaneous, supernatural; Eulogizing idyllic life; Eulogizing idyllic life; Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization; Escape from corrupt, polluted urban civilization; Return to nature and childlike innocence; Return to nature and childlike innocence; Youth and love. Youth and love.

Beginning: Beginning:Rousseau; Storm and Stress ( 德国狂飚突进运动 ) Corruption of capitalist society Pollution of nature after Industrial Revolution Criticism of classicism: failing to express man ’ s emotional nature and overlooking man ’ s profound inner force.

Active and Passive Romanticism 1. Passive Romanticists: Representative: The Lakers Wordsworth 沃兹华斯 Coleridge 科勒律治 Southey ：骚塞 Characteristics: Return to nature Unrelated to national liberation movements.

2. Active Romanticists: Representatives:ByronShelleyKeatsCharacteristics: Showing sympathy to national liberation movements, active participation

Transcendentalism 超验主义 American Romanticism: Representatives: The Walton Amerson 爱莫生 Thoureau 梭罗

“ For standing on the Persians ’ grave; I could not deem myself a slave. ” - Byron: “ Isles of Greece ” 脚踩波斯人的坟地； 就不能想象自己是奴隶。 因为屹立在波斯人坟上； 不能想象自己有奴隶相。

Realism ( 19th C ) Focus on fidelity to actual experience (reality); Focus on fidelity to actual experience (reality); Truthful representation of contemporary life; Truthful representation of contemporary life; To expose and criticize social evils; To expose and criticize social evils; Characterization as center of novel. Characterization as center of novel.

Musical Enlightenment By early 18th C., music was completely rationalized; By early 18th C., music was completely rationalized; Representatives: Bach, Handel Representatives: Bach, Handel General basis of their work is counterpoint, which is based on physical laws; General basis of their work is counterpoint, which is based on physical laws; Scientific principles of music composition; Scientific principles of music composition; Standardized styles: opera, sonata, concerto, cantata, etc. Standardized styles: opera, sonata, concerto, cantata, etc.

Music in classical period Representatives: Haydn, Mozart; Representatives: Haydn, Mozart; 特点： 特点： The new science of aesthetics reached independent status; Emergence of instrumental music as the primary mode of expression; The modern piano and orchestra appeared; Sonata for solo instrument or orchestra occupied the position of opera; Continuous evolution of the structure of instrumental form and style.