Urban Growth and Farm Protest, 1887–1893 Chapter 18

18 | 2 The New Urban Society The Structure of the City The New Immigration The Urban Political Machine

18 | 3 Immigration and Urbanization in America

18 | 4 © Bettmann/ Corbis Tenement Life in the Growing Cities

18 | 5 © Corbis The Tweed Ring in New York City

18 | 6 The Diminishing Rights of Minority Groups The Spread of Segregation –Native Americans Reservation system in the West Ghost Dance –Mexican Americans in the Southwest –Chinese in the West Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 –African Americans Black Codes and Laws KKK Segregation

18 | 7 A Victorian Society The Rules of Life –Strict guidelines for sexual relations –Sexual taboos –Men worked outside the home, middle class women did not –Children were seen and not heard and obeyed –Family time was important –Religion played a central role A Sporting Nation –Football –Baseball –Boxing

18 | 8 Voices of Protest and Reform Protests vs. the excesses of industrialization Reform movements Middle Class women participated in great numbers Social Gospel Temperance Women’s suffrage

18 | 9 Looking Outward: Foreign Policy in the Early 1890s The Roots of Imperialism New Departures in Foreign Policy

18 | 10 Review Young America and “Manifest Destiny” Young Americans thought that the American economy would benefit from an expansion of the national market –Wanted to acquire the Pacific Northwest and territories in the west and Southwest held by Mexico –Ideas pervaded literature of the day –President James K. Polk led the way –John O’Sullivan coined the term “Manifest Destiny” Believed God was on the side of expansion Believed they should spread democracy US population growth created need for expansion Proposed that it was the destiny of the nation – God’s will – that the U.S. expand to take in all of North America from coast to coast

18 | 11 Review Monroe Doctrine Enacted by President Monroe US foreign policy introduced 1823 as a reaction to Latin American republics Shift from neutrality policy Stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed, by the United States of America, as acts of aggression requiring US intervention US would not interfere with existing European colonies or meddle in internal concerns of European countries

18 | 12 Significance of the Monroe Doctrine Its primary objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and control (thus ensuring US dominance). The doctrine put forward that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations. Enacted by President Monroe and later invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and John F. Kennedy

18 | 13 The Granger Collection Queen Liliuokalani of the Hawaiian Islands Renewed American Imperialism U.S. seeks to control Hawaiian Islands Queen Liliuokalani leads Hawaiian resistance

18 | 14 Populism Terms Chapter 18 Freight rates Land speculators Inflation/deflation Granger Movement/The Grange Farmer’s Alliance –Southern Alliance –Texas Alliance –Colored Alliance Charles Macune Sub-treasury Plan Chapter 19 Panic of 1893 William McKinley Populist/Peoples Party Omaha Platform Free coinage of silver William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold Speech Grover Cleveland

18 | 15 The Grange Fraternal Organization for American farmers –Social organization –Economic organization –Political organization Encourages cooperative approach to farming Founded in 1867 Served as a population base for the Farmers’ Alliances Oldest surviving agricultural organization in America

18 | 16 The Alliance The Grange – forerunner of the Alliance Texas Farmer’s Alliance Southern Farmers’ Alliance National Farmers’ Alliance Colored Farmers’ Alliance

18 | 17 The Alliance, continued The Grange Texas Farmer’s Alliance Southern Farmers’ Alliance National Farmers’ Alliance Colored Farmers’ Alliance

18 | 18 The Angry Farmers The Rise of the Farmers’ Alliance –Organization formed by farmers to fight for changes to help them survive –Moved away from entertainment and to political activism –1890 Election – Alliance candidate achieved success on the state level in the South and West –The People’s Party (the Populists) grew out of the Alliance Prepared for the 1892 Presidential Election Platform – called for a sub-treasury system, free coinage of silver, and many other reforms

18 | 19 Charles Macune Farmer’s Alliance Leader Editor of the National Economist Created the Subtreasury Plan Opposed the formation of the People’s Party

18 | 20 The Granger Collection The Populism of Annie L. Diggs

18 | 21 The Omaha Platform Platform adopted by the Populist’s Party on July, 4, 1992 The planks of the Platform merged the concerns of the following: –Farmer’s Alliance –Greenback Party –Knights of Labor Populist’s abandoned this platform in 1896 and endorsed Democratic Presidential Nominee William Jennings Bryan – for the Free Silver Platform

18 | 22 The Omaha Platform Planks 1.Union and Labor forces shall be permanent 2.“Wealth belongs to he who creates it.” 3.The railroads must be owned by the people 4.Demand a safe, sound, and flexible national currency distributed directly to the people without the interference of banking corporations 5.Demand free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver 6.Demand a graduated income tax 7.TRANSPORTATION—Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people. The telegraph, telephone, like the post-office system, being a necessity for the transmission of news, should be owned and operated by the government in the interest of the people. 8.Land for actual settlers only – not for aliens or speculative purposes

18 | 23 The Presidential Election of 1892

18 | 24 William Jennings's Bryan – Cross of Gold Speech Supported Free Silver Movement Democratic Presidential nominee 1896, 1900, and 1908

18 | 25 William McKinley Republican Congressman from Canton, Ohio Won 1896 Presidential Election Declared war on Spain in 1898 – won Re-elected 1900 Assassinated 6 months into second term (9/14/1901) Vice President Theodore Roosevelt assumes the office of President

18 | 26 Conclusion By 1893, America seemed to have entered a new era. Urbanization was changing the face of the nation, and many Americans were beginning to consider seriously the idea of territorial expansion. Others were concerned about such a move, preferring to capitalize on the land that was already a part of the United States. The closing of the frontier would cause those two groups to disagree more vehemently, but as the country celebrated the Columbian Exposition, most Americans probably had no real comprehension of just how divisive the next few years would prove to be.