Beyond Skinner and Watson Tristram Jones, Ph. D Kaplan University PS517 Unit VIII

aka BEYOND THE SKITTLES MENTALITY! Not that I have anything against reinforcing desired behaviors with SKITTLES because they are really good—but must all our interventions be based on operant thinking? Not that I have anything against reinforcing desired behaviors with SKITTLES because they are really good—but must all our interventions be based on operant thinking?

Is behaviorism itself beyond behaviorism?  IMMERSION THERAPY: A fear- hierarchy is created: Can the patient talk about the object of his/her fear, look at a picture of it, watch a movie about it, come closer in a hallway? Be in the same room with the object of his/her fear, can he/she be in physical contact with it?  Once these questions have been ordered the patient is taught a relaxation exercise, or otherwise receives therapeutic process of some type. process of some type.  Patient is exposed to lowest aspect of hierarchy in a condition with which he/she is most comfortable  After that, the patient moves up the hierarchy NO SKITTLES?

How about FLOODING? Flooding is a behavioral technique for overcoming phobias. It is a faster (but more traumatic) method of fixing fears associated with phobia. In order to demonstrate the irrationality of the fear a psychologist would put a person in a situation where he or she confronts the phobia at its worst, but under controlled conditions. The advantage to flooding is that it is quick and often effective. There is however, spontaneous recovery of a fear that may occur. This can be made lessened through systematic desensitization; another form of a behavioral conditioning. Flooding is a behavioral technique for overcoming phobias. It is a faster (but more traumatic) method of fixing fears associated with phobia. In order to demonstrate the irrationality of the fear a psychologist would put a person in a situation where he or she confronts the phobia at its worst, but under controlled conditions. The advantage to flooding is that it is quick and often effective. There is however, spontaneous recovery of a fear that may occur. This can be made lessened through systematic desensitization; another form of a behavioral conditioning.

Neurobiology is also “beyond Skinner.”  Brain research is more reliable than behavioral theory?  Linking brain research to literacy and learning.  Learning which brain activities dominate in learning and adaptation will ultimately benefit training methods more than simple operant methods!

Your brain on drugs? Or maybe just art? “A drumbeat of findings from dozens of scientific laboratories, several within the last few months and as yet not published, herald these conclusions, which ''offer an extraordinary insight into the brain basis of drug addiction.'' --Dr. Alan I. Leshner, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

What’s wrong with those pictures?  “ Power Calculation " The more data you collect for a piece of research, the greater your ability to detect modest effect. The size of sample needed also changes with the size of the effect you're trying to detect: A true 0.2% difference in the size of the hippocampus between two groups, would need more subjects than a study aiming to detect a 25% difference.

The sample size determines the amount of sampling error inherent in a test result. Other things being equal, effects are harder to detect in smaller samples. Increasing sample size is often the easiest way to boost statistical power of a test…right? THIS IS YOUR BRAIN CRAVING DONUTS! THIS IS YOUR BRAIN CRAVING DONUTS!

Relational Frame Theory?  Relational frame theory, or RFT, is a theory of human language as it relates to cognition.  Relational frame theory is based on the philosophical roots of functional contextualism and focuses on how humans learn language through interactions with the environment.  Functional contextualism is an extension and contextualistic interpretation of Skinner’s radical behaviorism stressing the significance of predicting and influencing psychological events, such as thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, by focusing on manipulable variables in their context.

And the place of mental constructs in a world of behavior?  This nice man is Albert  Bandura. He is the dude w who created the transition  between behaviorism and. Cognitive Psychology. He I is known as the originator of social learning theory, and he was the first person to teach behaviorists that people can think! Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

These are the guys who came along at that point!

Meichenbaum on the subject of Albert Ellis: “His approach is forcefully didactic – so forceful, that on one occasion I was moved to suggest, rather tongue-in-cheek, that RET as conducted by Ellis would only be successful with New Yorkers. And I went on to suggest that wherever else in the world RET was successfully conducted, it would be with a patient who had moved from New York.” “His approach is forcefully didactic – so forceful, that on one occasion I was moved to suggest, rather tongue-in-cheek, that RET as conducted by Ellis would only be successful with New Yorkers. And I went on to suggest that wherever else in the world RET was successfully conducted, it would be with a patient who had moved from New York.”

Still, REBT works as follows:  Albert Ellis and REBT posit that our reaction to having our goals blocked (or even the possibility of having them blocked) is determined by our beliefs. To illustrate this, Ellis developed a simple ABC format to teach people how their beliefs cause their emotional and behavioral responses: A. Something happens. B. You have a belief about the situation. C. You have an emotional reaction to the belief. A. Something happens. B. You have a belief about the situation. C. You have an emotional reaction to the belief.  For example: A. Your employer falsely accuses you of taking money from her purse and threatens to fire you. B. You believe, “She has no right to accuse me. She's a bitch!” C. You feel angry. A. Your employer falsely accuses you of taking money from her purse and threatens to fire you. B. You believe, “She has no right to accuse me. She's a bitch!” C. You feel angry.

ALL CBT approaches share these common assumptions: Cognitive therapy seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. This involves helping patients develop skills for modifying beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors. Cognitive therapy seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. This involves helping patients develop skills for modifying beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.

Arguably, Reality Therapy is even more behavioral—in fact, it’s Behavioral/Cognitive! “STOP IT!! …OR I’LL BURY YOU ALIVE IN A BOX!!!”

Third Wave Behavioral Theory!  Often referred to as Third Generation Behaviour Therapy.  Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)  Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy  Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)

ACT (pronounced “act”)  ACT differs from traditional CBT in that rather than showing people how to control their thoughts, feelings, and “irrational” interpretations ACT asks clients to "just notice," and embrace their private events, including ones previously considered undesirable!  ACT teaches contact with the transcendent self, calling it "self-as-context"—see the relational frame? This is remindful of narrative and existential models in that it aims to help the individual clarify his or her personhood in context of events and environment.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy  Combines total acceptance of clients here-and-now beliefs and views in combination with relationship building (client/therapist) and the recognition that personality evolves in accordance with the Hegelian system of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Buddhist meditation concepts are also employed, although maladaptive behaviors may be pointed out to clients.

GROUNDED THEORY A research method that reverses traditional research and contradicts the scientific method. Rather than beginning by researching and developing a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, a kind of reverse engineered hypothesis! A research method that reverses traditional research and contradicts the scientific method. Rather than beginning by researching and developing a hypothesis, the first step is data collection, through a variety of methods. From the data collected, the key points are marked with a series of codes, grouped into similar concepts in order to make them more workable. From these concepts, categories are formed, which are the basis for the creation of a theory, a kind of reverse engineered hypothesis!

Four Stages of Grounded Theory Codes: Identifying anchors that allow the key points of the data to be gathered Concepts: Collections of codes of similar content that allows the data to be grouped Categories: Broad groups of similar concepts that are used to generate a theory Theory: A collection of explanations that explain the subject of the research

And QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

Fields of Qualitative Assessment: ETHNOGRAPHY: Research, used for investigating cultures by collecting and describing data that is intended to help in the development of a theory. This method is also called “ethnomethodology” or "methodology of the people". An example of applied ethnographic research, is the study of a particular culture and understanding a particular mental disease in that cultural framework. ETHNOGRAPHY: Research, used for investigating cultures by collecting and describing data that is intended to help in the development of a theory. This method is also called “ethnomethodology” or "methodology of the people". An example of applied ethnographic research, is the study of a particular culture and understanding a particular mental disease in that cultural framework.

CRITICAL SOCIAL RESEARCH: Used by a researcher to understand how people communicate and develop symbolic meanings. Used by a researcher to understand how people communicate and develop symbolic meanings.

Ethical Inquiry An intellectual analysis of ethical problems. It includes the study of ethics as related to obligation, rights, duty, right and wrong, and choice. An intellectual analysis of ethical problems. It includes the study of ethics as related to obligation, rights, duty, right and wrong, and choice.

Historical Research Re-examines past and present events in the context of the present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to current issues and problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such as: Where have we come from, where are we, who are we now and where are we going? Re-examines past and present events in the context of the present condition, and allows one to reflect and provide possible answers to current issues and problems. Historical research helps us in answering questions such as: Where have we come from, where are we, who are we now and where are we going?

Phenomenology: Describes the “subjective reality” of an event, as perceived by the study population; it is the study of a the subjective reality of the participant. Describes the “subjective reality” of an event, as perceived by the study population; it is the study of a the subjective reality of the participant.

And philosophical research: Philosophical Research, is conducted within the boundaries of a specific field of study or a profession, in order to clarify definitions, identify ethics, or make a value judgment concerning an issue in the field of study. Philosophical Research, is conducted within the boundaries of a specific field of study or a profession, in order to clarify definitions, identify ethics, or make a value judgment concerning an issue in the field of study.

And whatever lies beyond…? Postmodernism has taken the academy beyond any place it had been previously—and many would say beyond any place it should have gone. Now that reality is suspended, it will be fascinating to learn what’s next! Postmodernism has taken the academy beyond any place it had been previously—and many would say beyond any place it should have gone. Now that reality is suspended, it will be fascinating to learn what’s next!

So finally, it’s time for: BATTLE OF THE BANDS!!!! Cast your vote at: