Empire

1890: US reintroduced tax duties on sugar imports, American planters in “independent” Hawaii suffered millions in losses. 1891: Queen Lili claimed throne, promised to restore Hawaiian royalty and self rule. 1893: “White Coup” Dole and other planters overthrew Queen Lili, pressed for annexation to United States. President Cleveland and US sentiment critical of Dole. 1896: McKinley elected, pro-business, imperialist campaign to 1898: Dole Corporation controlled Hawaii. 1898: McKinley supported annexation, Hawaii became US territory.

Jingoism and Yellow Journalism Hearst promoted pro- war feeling in America, described Cubans as revolutionaries like George Washington Goal to increase newspaper circulation: Worked! – ,000 – ,500,000 copies sold!

“Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!”

War! US declared war on Spain. US seized Spanish Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines. Secretary of State John Hay described it as a “splendid little war.” New York Governor Teddy Roosevelt led “Rough Riders” in Cuba, became instant war celebrity, placed on McKinley’s re-election ticket in 1900 as Vice President candidate.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

United States and Cuba 1898: Teller Amendment to McKinley’s War Declaration prohibited Cuban annexation. 1899: Cuba “occupied”, became US territory. Governed by American landholders and Cuban elites. 1901: Platt Amendment replaced Teller Amendment – Cuba may be self-governed – US may veto Cuban laws, treaties, debts – Cuba must permit US naval and army basing on island: Guantanamo Bay 1902: Cuba became quasi-independent but governed by American landholders and Cuban elites with Congressional and military oversight

Philippines 1890s: Civil war erupted. Pro-US and Anti-US forces fight one another after Spanish leave. 1899: US occupation resisted by Philippine independence movement Emilio Aguinaldo led Anti- Spanish and then Anti-US forces. 1936: Philippine independence recognized. 1941: Japan invaded Philippines until their defeat in 1945.

General Jacob Smith “I wish you to kill and burn… The more you kill and burn the better it will please me. I want all persons killed who are capable of bearing arms.”

“The Philippines are ours forever.... And just beyond the Philippines are China’s illimitable markets. We will not retreat from either. We will not repudiate our duty in the archipelago. We will not abandon our opportunity in the Orient. We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustee under God, of the civilization of the world.” -US Senator Alfred Beveridge, Republican of Indiana : Insular Government of Philippines. Governors William Howard Taft, Francis Harrison, Henry Stimson, Teddy Roosevelt, Jr., William Forbes.

“I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.” “The statesmen will invent cheap lies, putting the blame upon the nation that is being attacked, and every man will be glad of these conscience-soothing falsities.” “Be loyal to your country always, and to the government only when it deserves it.” Mark Twain

Election of 1900 Replay of 1896 – McKinley (R): 7.22 million 52% 292 EC – Bryan (D): 6.37 million 46% 155 EC Significant that Teddy Roosevelt now McKinley’s VP Also, Populism of 1892 and 1896 evaporated at national level McKinley and TR campaign on “open door” policy and will use military strength to promote American commerce

The Open Door

Teddy Roosevelt, President Finished McKinley’s term, 1901 to Issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904: – No European meddling in Western Hemisphere, but the US will provide direct oversight of our neighbors, particularly Latin America – Used to justify intervention in South America to facilitate independence of Panama and US control of Canal.

Panama Canal Begun by French 1880s US acquired 1904 Completed 1914