DR. ROZIAH MOHD RASDI Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

It is a measure of poverty based on income. It is defined as a minimum level of income that a person is able to meet his/her basic needs – food, shelter, clothing, and basic education as well as health. Poverty lines vary, based on time and place. (It is higher in the urban than rural areas). Each country has its own level of poverty line.

World Bank measure of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) which is defined as the relative purchasing power of currencies across countries. – The value is US$1 a day – 23% of the population in the developing world is poor (extreme poverty). – The value of US$2 a day – expected about 40% of the population in the developing world is poor.

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