MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration Chapter 3 Networking with Windows Server 2008

MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 2 Objectives Identify the basic components of a network Describe the features of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Configure clients for IPv4 and IPv6 Upgrade a network from IPv4 to IPv6 Troubleshoot Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol on networks

MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 3 Introduction to Networking Basics of networking –A network is a group of two or more nodes –Networking is the practice of: Designing, implementing, and managing a collection of computers and devices or a network Types of networks –Network scale –Connection methodology –Network architecture –Network topology –Network protocol

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7 Introduction to Networking (continued) Network scale –How networks occupy geographic space Most common types of networks –Local area networks (LANs) –Wide area networks (WANs) Connection methodology –Defines the type of hardware technology used for connecting network nodes

MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 8 Introduction to Networking (continued) Network topology –Categorizes networks based on the physical and logical relationship among devices Network protocol –Allows network nodes to communicate with each other

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MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 11 Basic Network Components Network interface cards (NICs) –Hardware cards installed in computers so that they can connect to a physical network Repeater –Hardware device that receives a signal and then resends it at a higher level or power Hubs – Have multiple ports to which nodes connect

MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 12 Basic Network Components (continued) Bandwidth –Describes the amount of data that can travel from one network point to another within a specified time Network bridges –Connect one or more network segments Switches –Work at Layer 2 of the OSI model and forward frames between ports based on MAC addresses

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MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 15 Basic Network Components (continued) Routers –Responsible for forwarding packets between subnets, or networks with differing IP addressing schemes –Use dynamic routing protocols and preconfigured static routes to deliver packets –Always connected to at least two networks

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Network Addressing with TCP/IP IPv4 –The industry standard for network addressing in public and private networks Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) –Set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level –Guarantees the delivery of packets 17 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

18 Network Layers and the OSI Model Physical layer –Responsible for bit-level transmission between network nodes Data Link layer –Responsible for communications between adjacent network nodes Network layer –Responsible for establishing paths for data transfer through the network MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

19 Network Layers and the OSI Model (continued) Transport layer –Responsible for delivering messages between networked hosts Session layer –Responsible for establishing process-to-process communications between networked hosts Presentation layer –Responsible for defining the syntax that two network hosts use to communicate Application layer –Responsible for providing user services MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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21 Anatomy of an IPv4 Address IPv4 –Based on an addressing scheme that uses unique 32- bit (4-byte) addresses Binary numbers –Represented by either a 1 or a 0 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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24 Subnetting The process of creating multiple smaller networks, or subnets, from an IP network address Subnet mask –Can determine the network and host ID portions of an IP address MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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27 Subnetting (continued) Special-use IPv4 addresses –Defined by Request for Comment (RFC) 3330 Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) –Uses variable length subnet masks to provide individualized network addressing Supernetting –Allows you to combine two or more subnetworks into a larger supernetwork MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

28 Public and Private Addresses Public addresses –Issued IP addresses that are available from the Internet –Centrally registered and maintained through ICANN, ISPs, and domain registration organizations Private IP addresses –Not available or routable on the Internet –Used by administrators deploying internal networks MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

29 Introduction to IPv6 IPv6 –The future of IP on the Internet and on public and private networks –Advantages Improved security Improved autoconfiguration Simplified routing Addressing with IPv6 –IPv6 uses source and destination addresses that are 128 bits, or 16 bytes, in length MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

30 Introduction to IPv6 (continued) Address structure –IPv6 rules for shortening addresses Any leading digit of 0 (zero) can be dropped from any group Two or more groups of zeroes can be replaced by two colons (can be done only once per address) MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

31 Introduction to IPv6 (continued) IPv6 addresses –Can be written with CIDR notation for subnetting an address For example, the following address represents a 48- bit network address 1075:5:ab12::/48 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

32 IPv6 Address Types IPv6 addresses fall into the following types –Link-local addresses –Unique local addresses –Global addresses –Multicast addresses –Special addresses MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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34 Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6 DHCP –Automates the allocation of IP addresses through a server-based role APIPA addresses –Allow clients on the same subnet to communicate without DHCP or manual configuration Alternate configuration –Used to set a static IP address in your IP configuration that will be used if DHCP is not available MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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36 Manually configuring IP addresses –Often referred to as static configuration or a static IP addresses Static IP addresses –Commonly used on servers where a dynamic IP address would affect network resources MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration Configuring Clients for IPv4 and IPv6 (continued)

Almost all computers automatically configure IPv6 settings Configuration methods –Stateless and stateful DHCPv6 –Main function is to provide clients with secondary network configuration information Neighbor Discovery –Protocol used by IPv6 clients for router discovery on a network 37 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Manual Configuration with Netsh Netsh –Can be used to manually configure your Windows Server 2008 server with a static IP address –Syntax to add an IPv6 address netsh interface ipv6 add address “interface” address 38 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Upgrading Your Network to IPv6 Dual-Layer IP stack –TCP/IP stack in Windows Server 2008 uses dual- layer architecture IPv6 over IPv4 –Tunnels that can be created Router-to-router Host-to-router and router-to-host Host-to-host 39 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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ISATAP Allows IPv6 routers and hosts to communicate across IPv4 networks Requires a router that supports ISATAP Interface ID is separated into two parts –First 32 bits are either 0:5efe for a private address or 200:5efe for a public address –Last 32 bits are the IPv4 address 41 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

6to4 Uses tunneling of IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network Stores the IPv4 address of the ISATAP router in bits 17 to 48 Encapsulates only the IPv4 router’s IP address, not the destination client 42 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Teredo Allows IPv6 hosts to communicate over IPv4 networks that use NAT Works only with NAT implementations that support UDP port translation Should always be implemented with a client-based stateful firewall 43 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Using Netsh to Configure Transition Technologies To determine the current state of ISATAP netsh interface isatap show state To enable ISATAP netsh interface isatap set state enabled If ISATAP is enabled and needs to be disabled netsh interface isatap set state disabled 44 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Enabling Teredo To determine the current state of Teredo netsh interface ipv6 show teredo To enable Teredo for workgroup clients netsh interface ipv6 set teredo client To enable Teredo for Active Directory clients netsh interface ipv6 set teredo enterpriseclient To view the Teredo status after enabling Teredo netsh interface teredo show state 45 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Disabling IPv6 For a specific network adapter –You can disable IPv6 using the Network Connections window and by editing the Registry To use the Registry to disable all of IPv6 on a computer, create the following Registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentContro lSet\Services\TCPIP6\Parameters\ DisabledComponents 46 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking Ipconfig –Displays the current IP configuration on your local client –Provides basic IP information –Ipconfig /all command A good way to start troubleshooting clients that have problems accessing network resources 48 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking (continued) Ping –Utility that determines whether a target host is on and responding to communication –Works by sending an ICMP echo request packet to the target –By default, sends a 32-byte packet four times before exiting 49 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

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Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networking (continued) Pathping –Used to map the hops a packet must make to reach a target Tracert –Command-line tool for tracing the route between two nodes Netstat –Command-line tool for displaying network connection information such as routing tables 51 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Network Troubleshooting Methodology Effective troubleshooting –Requires a logical and systematic approach that rules out possible areas of failure and allows you to narrow the search for the root cause of the failure 52 MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

53 Summary Network –Can be described according to its scale, methodology, architecture, topology, and protocol Networks –Have many components necessary for transmission of data including NICs, switches, and routers Routers –Use IP addresses to route traffic between networks IPv4 –Current industry standard for network addressing MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

54 Summary (continued) IPv4 IP addresses –32-bit numbers split into four octets separated by decimal points IPv6 –Future standard for network addressing IPv6 addresses –128-bit numbers split into eight groups of four hexadecimal numbers Subnetting –Divides a larger network into smaller networks MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration

Summary (continued) Private IP addresses as defined by RFC 1918 –Include three IP ranges that are not publicly routable Two types of IPv4 addressing exist: classful and classless When deploying IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, you can: –Manually configure static IP addresses, or –You can use automatic allocation MCTS Guide to Microsoft Windows Server 2008 Network Infrastructure Configuration 55