AP Review Political Beliefs & Behaviors

Officeholder seeking reelection Officeholder seeking reelection Incumbent Incumbent

More votes than anyone else, but less than a majority (Clinton won with only 43% of the popular vote in 1992) More votes than anyone else, but less than a majority (Clinton won with only 43% of the popular vote in 1992) Plurality Plurality

Process by which one develops or acquires his/her political beliefs Process by which one develops or acquires his/her political beliefs Political socialization Political socialization

What agent of political socialization is most important? What agent of political socialization is most important? Family Family

Voting system wherein voters elect one candidate per district. Winner-take-all rule that strengthens the two-party system and weakens minor parties Voting system wherein voters elect one candidate per district. Winner-take-all rule that strengthens the two-party system and weakens minor parties Single member district Single member district

Campaign contributions donated to political parties, rather than directly to the candidate Campaign contributions donated to political parties, rather than directly to the candidate Soft money Soft money

Election that results in a long term change in party alignment Election that results in a long term change in party alignment Realignment Realignment Realigning election Realigning election Critical election Critical election

When voters identify less with the major parties, resulting in more split-ticket voting and more independent voters When voters identify less with the major parties, resulting in more split-ticket voting and more independent voters De-alignment De-alignment

Voting for candidates of one’s own party and for those of the opposing parties, such as voting for a Republican presidential candidate, but a Democrat for Congress Voting for candidates of one’s own party and for those of the opposing parties, such as voting for a Republican presidential candidate, but a Democrat for Congress Split ticket voting Split ticket voting

Primary election to choose a party’s candidate for the general election that is not open to independent voters Primary election to choose a party’s candidate for the general election that is not open to independent voters Closed primary Closed primary

Primary election open to independents and allows voters to choose candidates from any one party Primary election open to independents and allows voters to choose candidates from any one party Open primary Open primary

Primary election open to independents and allows voters from any party to choose candidates from all the parties Primary election open to independents and allows voters from any party to choose candidates from all the parties Blanket primary Blanket primary

An office (seat) extremely likely to be won by a particular candidate or party. Gerrymandering increases the creation of these. An office (seat) extremely likely to be won by a particular candidate or party. Gerrymandering increases the creation of these. Safe seats Safe seats

When voters cast votes only for candidates of one’s own party When voters cast votes only for candidates of one’s own party Straight ticket voting Straight ticket voting

The Tuesday in early March during which many presidential primaries, particularly in the South, are held. The Tuesday in early March during which many presidential primaries, particularly in the South, are held. Super Tuesday Super Tuesday

Campaign contributions made directly to the candidate running for office Campaign contributions made directly to the candidate running for office Hard money Hard money

One who is not registered with any political party One who is not registered with any political party Independent Independent

Set of beliefs about political values and the role of government. Most Americans do not have a very well-developed one. Set of beliefs about political values and the role of government. Most Americans do not have a very well-developed one. Ideology Ideology

Influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election of congressional candidates of the same party Influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election of congressional candidates of the same party Hint: men’s formal wear Hint: men’s formal wear Coattail effect Coattail effect

In what kind of election is voter turnout greatest? (around 50%) In what kind of election is voter turnout greatest? (around 50%) Presidential elections Presidential elections General election General election

What obstacle to high voter turnout rates was the Motor Voter Act meant to reduce? What obstacle to high voter turnout rates was the Motor Voter Act meant to reduce? Registration as a barrier Registration as a barrier

Lowest voter turnout rates belong to what demographic group? Lowest voter turnout rates belong to what demographic group? Young (18-20) Young (18-20) 30% turnout rate 30% turnout rate

What effect did passage of the 26 th Amendment (voting age lowered to 18) have on voter turnout rates? What effect did passage of the 26 th Amendment (voting age lowered to 18) have on voter turnout rates? Lowered voter turnout rate! Lowered voter turnout rate!

What characteristic is the single greatest predictor of voter turnout? What characteristic is the single greatest predictor of voter turnout? Education Education College degree (72% turnout) College degree (72% turnout)

What is the most solid (consistent) demographic voting block for Democrats? What is the most solid (consistent) demographic voting block for Democrats? African American African American

What do these have in common? Or, in other words, what do the following characteristics lead to? What do these have in common? Or, in other words, what do the following characteristics lead to? Higher income Higher income Older (but relatively healthy) Older (but relatively healthy) Whites more than Blacks more than Hispanics Whites more than Blacks more than Hispanics Educated Educated Higher voter turnout Higher voter turnout

For which political party do those who live in the South tend to vote? For which political party do those who live in the South tend to vote? Republican Republican

For which political party do those who live in New England, the Great Lakes region, and the Far West tend to vote? For which political party do those who live in New England, the Great Lakes region, and the Far West tend to vote? Democrats Democrats

Which party do voters living in the Great Plains, Rocky Mnt. Region tend to vote for? Which party do voters living in the Great Plains, Rocky Mnt. Region tend to vote for? Republican Republican

What is the strongest predictor of voting behavior (which party’s candidate a voter will choose)? What is the strongest predictor of voting behavior (which party’s candidate a voter will choose)? Party identification Party identification

With which party are Jews and females more identified? With which party are Jews and females more identified? Democrats Democrats

What religious group is strongly identified with Republicans? What religious group is strongly identified with Republicans? Protestants Protestants Evangelicals Evangelicals Fundamentalist Christians Fundamentalist Christians Southern Baptists Southern Baptists Mormons Mormons

For which party do males tend to vote? For which party do males tend to vote? Republican Republican

Those belonging to a lower socioeconomic class and “people of color” tend to vote for … Those belonging to a lower socioeconomic class and “people of color” tend to vote for … Democrats Democrats

Which demographic is incorrect of independent voters? Which demographic is incorrect of independent voters? Young Young College educated College educated Above average income Above average income Black Black

What East Coast (think Florida) Hispanic group tends to vote Republican? What East Coast (think Florida) Hispanic group tends to vote Republican? Cubans Cubans

What leads to voter burnout and is a cause of low voter turnout? What leads to voter burnout and is a cause of low voter turnout? Frequency of elections Frequency of elections

Which of the following does NOT lead to lower voter turnout? Which of the following does NOT lead to lower voter turnout? Self-initiated registration Self-initiated registration Tuesday election day Tuesday election day Election day made a legal holiday Election day made a legal holiday Perception of party similarity Perception of party similarity Legal holiday Legal holiday

Voters who vote regularly tend to have a strong sense of … Voters who vote regularly tend to have a strong sense of … Civic duty Civic duty

While non-voters often feel … While non-voters often feel … Apathetic Apathetic Alienated Alienated

What form of active political participation is most common? What form of active political participation is most common? Voting Voting

Which is considered passive political participation? Which is considered passive political participation? Hanging flyers on doorknobs Hanging flyers on doorknobs Attending a protest rally Attending a protest rally Organizing a protest rally Organizing a protest rally Reading the newspaper Reading the newspaper Donating hard money to a candidate Donating hard money to a candidate Reading the newspaper Reading the newspaper

Which is considered unconventional political participation? Which is considered unconventional political participation? Voting Voting Making campaign contributions Making campaign contributions Attending a protest march Attending a protest march Making calls at a call center for your candidate Making calls at a call center for your candidate Protest march Protest march

Compared to other Western Democracies, how informed about global politics are US citizens? Compared to other Western Democracies, how informed about global politics are US citizens? Poorly Poorly Low Low Not good Not good Embarrassingly indifferent Embarrassingly indifferent Not informed enough to know how to answer this question Not informed enough to know how to answer this question

Type or form of voting by which an incumbent is supported when his policies are judged to have succeeded Type or form of voting by which an incumbent is supported when his policies are judged to have succeeded Hint: this type of voting tends to be retrospective in nature Hint: this type of voting tends to be retrospective in nature Retrospective voting Retrospective voting

Form of voting by which voters choose candidates whose policy promises most match their own preferences Form of voting by which voters choose candidates whose policy promises most match their own preferences Prospective voting Prospective voting

The personal sense of loyalty felt to a political party. “I am a Democrat” reflects a strong sense of … The personal sense of loyalty felt to a political party. “I am a Democrat” reflects a strong sense of … Party identification Party identification

Political ideology that advocates a govt. inactive in both economic matters and promoting traditional values Political ideology that advocates a govt. inactive in both economic matters and promoting traditional values Libertarian Libertarian

Ideology that supports regulation of industry but is opposed to a govt. that takes a stand against non-traditional lifestyles Ideology that supports regulation of industry but is opposed to a govt. that takes a stand against non-traditional lifestyles Liberal Liberal

Ideology that would support the Faith Based Initiative Act but not tax hikes to pay for greater public spending on welfare programs Ideology that would support the Faith Based Initiative Act but not tax hikes to pay for greater public spending on welfare programs Conservative Conservative

The smaller number of polled individuals whose responses are used to estimate the larger population, or universe The smaller number of polled individuals whose responses are used to estimate the larger population, or universe Sample Sample

The inaccuracy of a poll is measured by a plus or minus sign in front of a number called the … The inaccuracy of a poll is measured by a plus or minus sign in front of a number called the … Sampling error Sampling error

The sampling error is a function of the sample … The sampling error is a function of the sample … Size Size

What type of sample is scientific, wherein every person chosen for the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen. Computer generated phone numbers is a popular way to achieve this. What type of sample is scientific, wherein every person chosen for the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen. Computer generated phone numbers is a popular way to achieve this. Random sample Random sample

What demographic group tends to vote most regularly? What demographic group tends to vote most regularly? Elderly (65+) Elderly (65+) 70% voter turnout rate 70% voter turnout rate

A term used to measure the strength of an opinion (A type of opinion): A term used to measure the strength of an opinion (A type of opinion): Intensity Intensity

Opinion polls taken as voters leave the voting location, used to predict voting pattern and predict election results Opinion polls taken as voters leave the voting location, used to predict voting pattern and predict election results Exit polls Exit polls

Informal poll used to get a sense of support or opposition. Often used in Congress to “take the temperature” of a given bill. Not always very accurate Informal poll used to get a sense of support or opposition. Often used in Congress to “take the temperature” of a given bill. Not always very accurate Straw poll Straw poll

Public opinion shared by at least 75% of the people Public opinion shared by at least 75% of the people Consensus Consensus

Opinion held by less than 75% of the public Opinion held by less than 75% of the public Polarized Polarized

A relatively new brand of conservatism that includes the “Religious Right” and are pro-life, pro-traditional marriage. Others are aggressive in dealing with terrorism. A relatively new brand of conservatism that includes the “Religious Right” and are pro-life, pro-traditional marriage. Others are aggressive in dealing with terrorism. Neoconservatives Neoconservatives

What effect does religiosity have on voting? What effect does religiosity have on voting? Higher voter turnout Higher voter turnout Greater sense of civic duty Greater sense of civic duty Republican Republican

What ended literacy tests in 1965 as obstacles in the South to Black suffrage? What ended literacy tests in 1965 as obstacles in the South to Black suffrage? Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965

What style of ballot tends to increase split- ticket voting? What style of ballot tends to increase split- ticket voting? Hint: Hint: Office-column ballot Office-column ballot

Straight ticket voting facilitated by this style of ballot: Straight ticket voting facilitated by this style of ballot: Hint: Hint: Party-column ballot Party-column ballot