Standards ▲ World History 2.2Knowledge Explains essential concepts from the Enlightenment that represented a turning point in intellectual history (e.g., ideas of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Mary Wollstonecraft, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Enlightened despotism, salons).

The Enlightenment

The Thinkers of The Enlightenment The Enlightenment: Also called the “Age of Reason” The period of Western history when thinkers called for the use of reason in analyzing and improving society. Europe began to emphasize reason. Era of intense questioning and widespread criticism of traditional society.

The rising of the middle class in search of knowledge. Humanism: feeling that man could change or improve his society.

Political Philosophers Thomas Hobbs Conflict is part of human nature War of everyone against everyone” life is “nasty, brutish, and short” People give up their rights to a strong ruler in order to have peace.

The Social Contract” a term created by Hobbs to describe when people give up their individual rights in exchange for the law and order provided by the government.

John Locke People aren't born good or evil “Tabula Rasa” People are shaped by their experience. People can improve themselves. Self-government Natural Rights”-rights that all human beings are entitled to (life, liberty, and property).

John Locke Government purpose is to protect natural rights. Governments rule comes from the consent of the people. Right to rebel against unjust rulers.

French Philosophers Were known as “Philosophes” who met in salons. Were the most outspoken critics of society. Were writers and philosophers who hoped to change many of the inequalities, foolish customs, and unjust laws of their time. Opposed divine right and absolute monarchy.

French Philosophers Turned away from traditional religion atheists: people who deny the existence of God. deists: believed in God but rejected church ritual and authority of the clergy. Dualism: believed all humans made of both mind and matter.

Voltaire Opposed the clergy, nobility, and government of France. Free Speech: “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to death your right to say it.” Enlightened Monarch. Voltaire: “Once the common people begin to reason..

Montesquieu Separation of Powers: the division of government into several branches having its own power. Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Keep any group from gaining control of government. Safeguard the liberty of the people against corrupt leaders.

Jean Jacques Rousseau Art and Science corrupted people’s natural goodness “man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” Social Contract based on a direct democracy

Enlightened Despots A European ruler who introduced reforms reflecting the spirit of the enlightenment Joseph II Frederick II Catherine the Great

The Spread of Ideas England Royal Society of London 1660 The Encyclopedia-Denis Diderot praised reason and science/denounced intolerance and superstition. summary of all ideas and methods of thought of the Enlightenment.

Architecture Baroque: an ornate style of architecture popular in Europe between 1500’s and early 1700’s Characterized by richness in color and detail, also the style of music from the same period Palace of Versailles

Classical Architecture A simple and elegant style of art, architecture, and music popular in Europe during the late 1700’s Based on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

Art Peter Paul Rubens Great baroque artist Rich and exciting paintings Giovanni Bernini- Sculptor, captured movement

Writers Moliere: satires poked fun at lifestyles of rich. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels

Music People concentrated on instruments, rather than voices; finest works were inspired by deep religious convictions Claudio Monteverdi: developed the Opera Bach: one of greatest composers of period. Much polyphonic music: blends several melodies into harmony.

Classical Composers George Frederick Handel: famous for “Messiah” Beethoven Mozart: classical approach-helped develop symphony

Scientific Revolution Scientific Method: a logical procedure for gathering information and testing ideas that involves the use of hypotheses, experimentation, and observation.

Sir Francis Bacon Inductive method: the careful observation and recording of events or experiments “I am therefore, I think.”

Rene Descartes Deductive method: knowledge through logical reasoning “I think, therefore I am.” Copernicus and Galileo Heliocentric Theory: Objects fall at the same speed The planets, moons Planets orbit the sun

Newton Gravity Light Ordered Universe Calculus Laws of Motion

Medicine Vesalius: Anatomy Leeuwenhoek: microscope Linnaues: Classification

The Impact of the Enlightenment Broke hold of medieval superstition. Scientific Method Raised many important questions. Concern for welfare of people. Felt need for personal freedom and freedom of thought.

Impact of Political Writers Supported reforms and laws based upon reason and logic. Helped to express the widespread discontent over the inequalities and injustices of the times. Much better educated society.