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A. OCEAN 1. great body of salt water comprising all the oceans and seas 2. covers nearly ¾, or 70%, of all the surface of the earth

(Oceans: Earth’s Last Frontier) Earth’s Five Oceans- 59 seconds Earth’s Five Oceans- 59 seconds

B. OCEANOGRAPHY the scientific study of the physical (things you can see & feel), chemical (microscopic components), and biological (plants & animals) aspects of the ocean world the scientific study of the physical (things you can see & feel), chemical (microscopic components), and biological (plants & animals) aspects of the ocean world

C. MARINE of or relating to the sea

(Examples): Marines- US military group that protect and serve from the ocean Marines- US military group that protect and serve from the ocean Marina- harbor in the water to dock & store boats Marina- harbor in the water to dock & store boats Mariner- sailor Mariner- sailor

D. MARINE BIOLOGY the scientific study of plants and animal life in the water environment

E. OCEAN BASIN STRUCTURE 1.Average depth: 16,000 feet (almost 3 miles) 1 mile = 5,280 ft. 2. Total volume: 322,300, 000 cubic miles

3. 3 major subdivisions: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans

4. Continental Shelf: Area extending from the shorelines of the continents seaward an average distance of 43 miles, varying from 0 to 930 miles

5. Continental Slope: Extends from the shelf, dropping steeply to 12, 000 feet 6. Continental Rise: Considered part of the ocean floor; extends from the base of the slope to the flat abyssal plains of the deep ocean floor

7. Mid-ocean ridges: Underwater mountain chains with inner troughs that are heavily intersected by cracks called fracture zones; continuous system that winds for 40,000 miles through all oceans

8. Plate Tectonics: Movements in the earth’s crust; esp. important along the mid-ocean ridges in the troughs where molten rock surfaces from the mantle and spreads, adding new material to the crustal plates

(Why are the mountains so high?) Streamline: Plate tectonics and continental drift 2:09 Streamline: Plate tectonics and continental drift 2:09

(8. Plate Tectonics – continued) a. The name of the one huge landmass that was supposedly all the continents connected was called Pangaea

(8. Plate Tectonics – continued) b. In the Atlantic Ocean, the plates in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are moving apart.3 to 3.9 inches per year, therefore the Atlantic is getting BIGGER

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

(8. Plate Tectonics – continued) c. In the Pacific Ocean, the expanding crust of the Atlantic is pushed back under the mantle in the Mariana Trench, the deepest known point in the ocean (6.8 miles or 36,201 feet);

FYI Deepest part of the Mariana Trench is called The Challenger Deep, after the British exploration vessel, Challenger II. It is located 210 miles SW of Guam. Deepest part of the Mariana Trench is called The Challenger Deep, after the British exploration vessel, Challenger II. It is located 210 miles SW of Guam. If Mt. Everest (tallest point on earth- 29,035 ft) was set in the trench, there would still be 7,166 feet of water above it! If Mt. Everest (tallest point on earth- 29,035 ft) was set in the trench, there would still be 7,166 feet of water above it!

The Mariana Trench is 1580 miles long and 43 miles wide. The pressure at the bottom is 8 tons per square inch! James Cameron (the director of the Terminator movie series and Titanic) explored the Challenger Deep in a manned submersible called the Deepsea Challenger on March 26, They collected samples and documented the experience in a 3-D movie.

(c. continued) It’s known as a subduction zone (“sub” = beneath); likewise, the Pacific is getting SMALLER It’s known as a subduction zone (“sub” = beneath); likewise, the Pacific is getting SMALLER

F. COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER: A dilute solution of several salts derived from weathering and erosion of continental rocks A dilute solution of several salts derived from weathering and erosion of continental rocks

Oceans: Earth’s Last Frontier Streamline: Salt Water 2:11 Streamline: Salt Water 2:11

F. (continued) 1. Salinity is the total dissolved salts in parts per thousand parts of water a. Salinity is nearly zero in continental (fresh) waters b. 41/1000 in Red Sea

c. 150/1000 in Great Salt Lake d. 35/1000 in main ocean

G. TEMPERATURE: 1. Ranges from 79  F in 1. Ranges from 79  F in tropical waters to 29  F tropical waters to 29  F (freezing point of (freezing point of saltwater) in polar regions saltwater) in polar regions 2. Temp. from the surface to 330 ft. remains fairly to 330 ft. remains fairly constant constant

3. From 330 ft. to 3300 ft. it drops rapidly to about 41  F 4. Continues to drop until it reaches slightly above freezing 5. A region of rapid temp. changes is called the thermocline (“thermo” = heat)

H. OCEAN CURRENTS: Surface currents, or gyres, are kept in motion by prevailing winds and the rotation of the earth 1. Main SURFACE currents: Gulf Stream in North Atlantic and Kuroshio in North Pacific

2. Deeper circulation is determined by density differences between water masses, or thermohaline circulation (“thermo” = heat and “haline” = salt) 3. Cooler water is denser than warmer water, therefore it sinks

Understanding Oceans Streamline: Factors Affecting Ocean Currents 3:35 Streamline: Factors Affecting Ocean Currents 3:35

Streamline: Understanding Deep Ocean Currents 4:18

y-news/ y-news/

I. OCEAN RESOURCES 1. Approx. 85 million metric tons of fish a year

2. Whales 2. Whales may only be harvested by aboriginal tribes with permits; commercial whaling is prohibited BLUBBER

3. Approx. 700,000 metric tons of seaweed

4. Approx.10 billion tons of gold (too spread out to recover) 5. major minerals include magnesium, bromine, oyster shells, and some diamonds BROMINE OYSTERS DIAMONDS

6. Approx. 1/3 of the world’s petroleum production

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