The Reward Pathway And Addiction

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Presentation transcript:

The Reward Pathway And Addiction Based on a teaching presentation developed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse www.nida.nih.gov

REWARDS Natural Artificial Food Water Sex Nurturing Drugs (both natural and synthetic) Pleasurable feelings reinforce a behavior

THE BRAIN’S REWARD PATHWAY Neurons of VTA release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex

SUBSTANCE USE and ABUSE Activation of the reward pathway by a substance that provides a “rewarding” stimulus “Positive reinforcement” results in repeated use of the substance

Cellular Targets

ADAPTATION AND TOLERANCE Repeated activation of neuron by drug  Neuron chemically adapts and alters intensity of cellular response to drug Desired effect of drug decreases

DEPENDENCE Exogenous administration of drug replaces brain’s production of endogenous chemical Neurons now only function normally in presence of drug

ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR Use continues, even with negative consequences and in absence of pleasurable results

WITHDRAWAL AND CRAVINGS If drug is not available to the neuron, unpleasant emotional and physical effects occur, because the normal activating and inhibitory neurotransmitter levels have been altered See example, next slide

experiences associated cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Example: Addiction to stimulants causes lack of synaptic availability of DA and Serotonin 5-HT. When stimulants not available, the addicted person experiences associated cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Rothman, Blough, Baumann AAPS Journal, Vol. 1, 2007