How Do Students React to Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations?

Growth of Topic At first we started with: What motivates students? Then we switched to: How do grades affect students’ motivation? However, after research on that topic, we found it was too narrow Finally…

INTRODUCTION Extrinsic Motivation in Study. --Definition --Important factors --Take Grades as an example Intrinsic Motivation in Study. --Definition --Factors --Example Students’ reaction The relationship between Extrinsic Motivation and Intrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic motivation: Definition: “Extrinsic Motivation is a construct that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome.” (Richard M. Ryan and Edward L. Deci,2000.P60.)

Important factors of extrinsic motivation: 1. Grades 2. Prizes 3. Admiration from peers 4. Approval from parents

Hypothesis Grades earned studying abroad are higher if grades are counted in the GPA and/or posted on the home transcript.

VariableMean for all students Mean for students that choose to submit hmwrk Received Low Score and Had to Submit hmwrk 69%100% Choose to Submit hmwrk39100 Submitted Early in Smstr2666 Submitted Late in Smstr2769 Female5061 Adult125 Major Not Related3027 Freshmen2531 Sophomores46 Juniors2218 Seniors75 Received A2911 Received B3946 Received C2334

Why Extrinsic Motivation may not be Beneficial - Grading students can make them lose interest in learning. (Kohn, 1993) - Grade orientation and Learning orientation are inversely related. ( Beck et al., 1991) -Grades decrease preference for challenging tasks. Students hesitant to challenge themselves. -Grades can impair creativity. Students did worse on creative tasks when being graded. (Butler, 1987; Butler, 1988; Butler and Nisan, 1986). -Grades are subjective but supposed to be objective. -Grades encourage cheating. (Anderman et al., 1998; Milton et al., 1986; also see"Who's Cheating Whom?" )."Who's Cheating Whom?"

Environments for Motivation Sports require both extrinsic and intrinsic Want/Need to win = extrinsic Desire to improve over time = intrinsic Important for coaches to find balance Example: Coach asks players to stay after practice to improve so that they can win

Intrinsic Motivation Factors Draws importance to mastering task HOW one gets to the goal Deep learning is applied Is own reinforcement Decreases with rewards

Reinforcement to Intrinsic Motivation Enjoyment that comes from intrinsically motivated activities is a reinforcement/reward Example: Child draws pictures  reinforced with rewards  backfires Undermines intrinsic motivation

Conclusion Teacher still use extrinsic motivation for students – May not be the best course of action in classroom Use of Intrinsic motivation is more beneficial in classroom Teachers may implement intrinsic motivation to induce deep learning

Why is this Relevant? Teachers need to know how to motivate correctly Learning the outcomes of both motivations is helpful in knowing when to use each type Knowing which type is motivating someone can reveal their commitment to task

Bibliography Brookhart, Susan M. Grading. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, Print. Chulkov, Dmitriy V. "Student Response To Grading Incentives: Evidence From College Economics Courses." Journal Of Instructional Psychology 33.3 (2006): Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 Sept Covington, Martin. “Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation in Schools: A Reconciliation”. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Vol. 9, No. 1 pp Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. on behalf of Association for Psychological Science. February Article Stable. 5 September Trooboff, Stevan, William Cressey, and Susan Monty. "Does Study Abroad Grading Motivate Students?" Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad 10 (2004): Education Resources Information Center. Web. 5 Sept