Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Rocks and the Rock Cycle Lesson 2Lesson 2Igneous Rocks Lesson 3Lesson 3Sedimentary Rocks Lesson 4Lesson 4Metamorphic Rocks Chapter Wrap-Up Steve Allen/Getty Images

Chapter Introduction How do the three main types of rocks form?

Chapter Introduction What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

Chapter Introduction 1.Once a rock forms as part of a mountain, it does not change. 2.Some rocks, when exposed on Earth’s surface, undergo weathering and erosion. 3.Large crystals form when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface. 4.Igneous rocks form when cooling magma crystallizes. Do you agree or disagree?

Chapter Introduction 5.Water can dissolve rock. 6.All sedimentary rocks on Earth formed from the remains of organisms that lived in oceans. 7.With the right pressure and temperature conditions, minerals in a rock can change shape without breaking or melting. 8.Metamorphic rocks have layers that form as minerals melt and recrystallize. Do you agree or disagree?

Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC How are rocks classified? What is the rock cycle? Rocks and the Rock Cycle

Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab rock grain texture magma Rocks and the Rock Cycle lava sediment rock cycle

Lesson 1-1 A rock is a natural, solid mixture of minerals or grains.rock Geologists call the fragments that make up a rock grains.grains Geologists use a grain’s size, shape, and chemical composition to classify rocks. Earth’s surface can cause rocks to break apart into many different-sized fragments. Rocks

Lesson 1-1 The grain size and the way grains fit together in a rock are called texture.texture When a geologist classifies a rock by its texture, he or she looks at the size of minerals or grains in the rock, the arrangement of these grains, and the overall feel of the rock. Texture can be used to determine the environment in which a rock formed. Rocks (cont.)

Lesson 1-1 The minerals or grains in a rock help geologists classify its composition. Composition can be used to determine where a rock formed, such as inside a volcano or in a river. Rocks (cont.) Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images

Lesson 1-1 Rocks (cont.) How are rocks classified?

Lesson 1-2 The three major groups of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it creates igneous rock. Magma is molten or liquid rock underground.Magma Lava is magma that erupts on Earth’s surface.Lava Three Major Rock Types

Lesson 1-2 Rock fragments, mineral crystals, or the remains of certain plants and animals, are the building blocks of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks form where sediment is deposited. Sediment is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water as rocks erode.Sediment Three Major Rock Types (cont.)

Lesson 1-2 Three Major Rock Types (cont.) deposit Science Use sediment or rock added to a landform Common Use to put money in a bank Sediment can be deposited in environments like rivers and streams, deserts, and valleys.

Lesson 1-2 Metamorphic rocks can form from any igneous or sedimentary rock or even another metamorphic rock. When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure, such as along plate boundaries, they can change to metamorphic rocks. Chemical fluids can also cause rocks to become metamorphic rocks. Three Major Rock Types (cont.)

Lesson 1-2 The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called the rock cycle.rock cycle The Rock Cycle

Lesson 1-3 Forces on Earth’s surface and deep within Earth drive the rock cycle. On the surface, rocks can change due to natural processes, such as weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. The Rock Cycle (cont.)

Lesson 1-3 Some rock cycle processes occur only beneath Earth’s surface, such as those that involve extreme temperature, pressure, and melting. Uplift is a tectonic process that forces these rocks onto Earth’s surface. The Rock Cycle (cont.)

Lesson 1-2 What is the rock cycle? The Rock Cycle (cont.)

Lesson 1 - VS Rocks are a natural solid mixture of minerals or grains. Texture describes the size and arrangement of minerals or grains in a rock. Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images

Lesson 1 - VS The rock cycle represents a series of processes that change one rock type into another.

Lesson 1 – LR1 A.minerals B.magma C.igneous rock D.grains What do geologists call the fragments that make up a rock?

Lesson 1 – LR2 A.lava B.sediment C.metamorphic rock D.magma What is rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces by water erosion?

Lesson 1 – LR3 A.metamorphic rock B.igneous rock C.sedimentary rock D.volcanic rock When rocks are exposed to extreme temperature and pressure they can change into which of these?

Lesson 1 - Now 1.Once a rock forms as part of a mountain, it does not change. 2.Some rocks, when exposed on Earth’s surface, undergo weathering and erosion. Do you agree or disagree?

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC How do igneous rocks form? What are the common types of igneous rocks? Igneous Rocks

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab extrusive rock volcanic glass intrusive rock Igneous Rocks

Lesson 2-1 When volcanic material erupts and cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface, it forms a type of igneous rock called extrusive rock. extrusive rock Volcanic glass is rock that forms when lava cools too quickly to form crystals.Volcanic glass Among the most noticeable features of some extrusive igneous rocks are holes that are left after gas escapes. Igneous Rock Formation

Lesson 2-1 Igneous Rock Formation (cont.) intrusive from Latin intrudere, means “to push in” Igneous rocks that form as magma cools underground are called intrusive rocks.intrusive rocks

Lesson 2-1 Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks

Lesson 2-2 How do igneous rocks form? Igneous Rock Formation (cont.)

Lesson 2-2 Geologists determine whether an igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive by studying the rock’s texture.

Lesson 2-2 If the crystals are small, the rock is extrusive. If all the crystals are large enough to see and have an interlocking texture, the rock is intrusive. Igneous Rock Identification

Lesson 2-2 Igneous rocks are also classified, in part, by magma composition, such as silica content. Magma composition, the location where the lava or magma cools and crystallizes, and the cooling rate determine the type of igneous rock that forms. Igneous Rock Identification (cont.)

Lesson 2-2 Igneous Rock Identification (cont.) How are extrusive and intrusive rocks different?

Lesson 2 - VS An extrusive igneous rock cools and crystallizes from volcanic material erupted on Earth’s surface. When lava cools fast, volcanic glass forms. An intrusive igneous rock forms as magma cools and crystallizes deep inside Earth.

Lesson 2 – LR1 A.sediment B.volcanic glass C.pumice D.magma What erupts onto Earth’s surface during a volcanic eruption?

Lesson 2 – LR2 A.extrusive rock B.intrusive rock C.volcanic glass D.magma Which of these forms when lava cools too quickly to form crystals?

Lesson 2 – LR3 A.intrusive B.extrusive C.crystallized D.mineral What kind of rock forms when magma cools underground?

Lesson 2 - Now 3.Large crystals form when lava cools quickly on Earth’s surface. 4.Igneous rocks form when cooling magma crystallizes. Do you agree or disagree?

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC How do sedimentary rocks form? What are the three types of sedimentary rocks? Sedimentary Rocks

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab compaction cementation clastic rock Sedimentary Rocks clast chemical rock biochemical rock

Lesson 3-1 Mineral and rock fragments can be transported by water, glacial ice, gravity, or wind. The sediments eventually are deposited, or laid down, where they can them accumulate in layers. Sedimentary Rock Formation

Lesson 3-1 The weight from the layers of sediment forces out fluids and decreases the space between grains during a process called compaction.compaction Compaction can lead to a process called cementation. Sedimentary Rock Formation (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 When minerals dissolved in water crystallize between sediment grains, the process is called cementation. cementation Mineral cement holds the grains together. Sedimentary Rock Formation (cont.)

Lesson 3-1 Sedimentary Rock Formation (cont.) What is the difference between compaction and cementation?

Lesson 3-2 Sedimentary rocks that are made up of broken pieces of minerals and rock fragments are known as clastic rocks.clastic rocks The broken pieces and fragments are called clasts.clasts Sediment size alone cannot be used to determine the environment where a clastic rock formed. Sedimentary Rock Identification

Lesson 3-2 Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.) clastic from Greek klastos, means “broken”

Lesson 3-2 When water becomes saturated with dissolved minerals, particles can crystallize out of the water and form minerals. Chemical rocks form when minerals crystallize directly from water.Chemical rocks Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)

Lesson 3-2 The water that once filled this lake bed was saturated with dissolved halite. The water evaporated and crystalline rock salt formed. National Geographic/Getty Images

Lesson 3-2 Biochemical rock is a sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms.Biochemical rock Sometimes the remains or traces of organisms are preserved as fossils in biochemical rock. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)

Lesson 3-2 Chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks are common on Earth’s surface. Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.)

Lesson 3-2 Sedimentary Rock Identification (cont.) How do chemical and biochemical sedimentary rocks form?

Lesson 3 - VS A clastic sedimentary rock is made of clasts of minerals or rock fragments. When minerals crystallize directly from water, a chemical sedimentary rock results. A biochemical sedimentary rock contains the remains of living organisms or was formed by organisms. National Geographic/Getty Images

Lesson 3 – LR1 A.cementation B.crystallization C.compaction D.evaporation During which process does the weight from layers of sediment force out fluids and decrease the space between grains?

Lesson 3 – LR2 A.chemicalC.fragmented B.biochemicalD.clastic Which types of rocks are sedimentary rocks made up of broken pieces of minerals and rock fragments?

Lesson 3 – LR3 A.gas B.water C.sediment D.magma Chemical rocks form when minerals crystallize directly from which of these?

Lesson 3 - Now 5.Water can dissolve rock. 6.All sedimentary rocks on earth formed from the remains of organisms that lived in oceans. Do you agree or disagree?

Lesson 4 Reading Guide - KC How do metamorphic rocks form? How do types of metamorphic rock differ? Metamorphic Rocks

Lesson 4 Reading Guide - Vocab metamorphism plastic deformationplastic deformation foliated rock Metamorphic Rocks nonfoliated rock contact metamorphismcontact metamorphism regional metamorphismregional metamorphism

Lesson 4-1 Metamorphism is any process that affects the structure or composition of a rock in a solid state as a result of changes in temperature, pressure, or the addition of chemical fluids.Metamorphism Most metamorphic rocks form deep within Earth’s crust. Like igneous rock, metamorphic rocks form under high temperature and pressure conditions. Metamorphic Rock Formation

Lesson 4-1 Plastic deformation is the permanent change in the shape of rock by bending and folding.Plastic deformation Plastic deformation occurs during uplift events when tectonic plates collide and form mountains. Metamorphic Rock Formation (cont.)

Lesson 4-1 The rock that changes during metamorphism is called the parent rock. The temperatures required to metamorphose rock depend on the parent rock’s composition. Metamorphic Rock Formation (cont.)

Lesson 4-1 Both temperature and pressure increase with depth in Earth’s crust and mantle.

Lesson 4-1 Metamorphic Rock Formation (cont.) Under what conditions do metamorphic rocks form?

Lesson 4-2 Metamorphic rocks are classified into two groups based on texture: foliated rocks and nonfoliated rocks.

Lesson 4-2 Foliated rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals.Foliated rocks Metamorphic rocks that have mineral grains with a random, interlocking texture are nonfoliated rocks.nonfoliated rocks Metamorphic Rock Identification

Lesson 4-2 Metamorphic Rock Identification (cont.) foliate from Latin foliatus, means “consisting of thin, leaf-like layers”

Lesson 4-2 During contact metamorphism, magma comes in contact with existing rock, and its thermal energy and gases interact with the surrounding rock and forms nonfoliated metamorphic rock.contact metamorphism Regional metamorphism is the formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size.Regional metamorphism Metamorphic Rock Identification (cont.)

Lesson 4-2 Metamorphic Rock Identification (cont.) Compare and contrast contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism.

Lesson 4 - VS Foliated metamorphic rocks have distinct layers of flat and elongated minerals. A nonfoliated metamorphic rock has minerals arranged in a random, interlocking texture. Contact metamorphism occurs when rocks come in contact with magma without melting.

Lesson 4 – LR1 A.metamorphism B.foliation C.plastic deformation D.rock deformation When rocks bend or fold without melting, the permanent change in the rock’s shape is called what?

Lesson 4 – LR2 A.foliated rocks B.metamorphic rocks C.crystallized rocks D.nonfoliated rocks What kind of rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals?

Lesson 4 – LR3 A.regionalC.plastic B.crystalD.contact Which type of metamorphism occurs when magma comes in contact with existing rock, and its thermal energy and gases interact with the surrounding rock?

Lesson 4 - Now 7.With the right pressure and temperature conditions, minerals in a rock can change shape without breaking or melting. 8.Metamorphic rocks have layers that form as minerals melt and then recrystallize. Do you agree or disagree?

Chapter Review Menu Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice

The BIG Idea Igneous rocks form from molten rock that cools and crystallizes. Sedimentary rocks form from compaction and cementation of sediments or evaporation and crystallization of minerals dissolved in water. Metamorphic rocks form from exposure of existing rocks to high pressures, temperatures, or the addition of chemical fluids.

Key Concepts 1 There are three major rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Geologists study rock texture and mineral composition to identify rocks of each type. Rocks can melt or recrystallize. Rocks exposed on Earth’s surface can break down due to forces such as water, ice, wind, and gravity. New rocks form under changing temperature and pressure conditions or the addition of chemical fluids. Lesson 1: Rocks and the Rock Cycle Nancy Simmerman/Getty Images

Key Concepts 2 Lesson 2: Igneous Rocks Igneous rocks form when volcanic material cools and crystallizes. Crystal size is dependent on how quickly the magma or lava cools. Igneous rocks range in color from light to dark, depending on their mineral composition.

Key Concepts 3 Weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, compaction, cementation, and crystallization are the important processes in the formation of sedimentary rocks. A sedimentary rock’s texture and mineral composition depends on where it formed and the forces that created it. Lesson 3: Sedimentary Rocks National Geographic/Getty Images

Key Concepts 4 Metamorphic rocks form from a parent rock that has been exposed to increases in temperature, pressure, or the addition of chemical fluids. Some metamorphic rocks have foliated textures and are deformed. Others are composed of coarse and blocky crystals that are uniform in color. Lesson 4: Metamorphic Rocks

Chapter Review – MC1 A.metamorphoses B.sediment deposit C.rock cycle D.rock deposit Which term refers to the series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock?

Chapter Review – MC2 A.sizeC.weight B.colorD.texture Geologists can determine if an igneous rock is extrusive or intrusive by studying its composition and which of these?

Chapter Review – MC3 A.chemicalC.carbonate B.biochemicalD.clastic Which type of rock is sedimentary rock that was formed by organisms or contains the remains of organisms?

Chapter Review – MC4 A.cementation B.compaction C.crystallization D.erosion Which process occurs when minerals dissolved in water crystallize between sediment grains?

Chapter Review – MC5 A.igneous B.foliated C.nonfoliated D.sedimentary Which type of rocks contain parallel layers of flat and elongated minerals?

Chapter Review – STP1 A.sediment B.metamorphic rock C.lava D.crystals Which term refers to magma that erupts on Earth’s surface?

Chapter Review – STP2 A.igneous B.sedimentary C.metamorphic D.mineral When magma or lava cools and crystallizes, it creates which type of rock?

Chapter Review – STP3 A.minerals B.crystals C.holes D.grains An igneous rock is classified as extrusive if which part is difficult or impossible to see without a magnifying glass?

Chapter Review – STP4 A.chemical reaction B.plastic deformation C.foliation D.metamorphism Which term refers to any process that affects the structure or composition of solid rock?

Chapter Review – STP5 A.cementation B.regional metamorphism C.contact metamorphism D.plastic deformation Which process refers to the formation of metamorphic rock bodies that are hundreds of square kilometers in size?