PLANT PRODUCTION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FARM MACHINERY & EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS (FMPE-502) B. Sc Agri. Engineering Lecture PLANT PRODUCTION MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT BY Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yasin Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology PMAS-ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY RAWALPINDI

PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENT Sprayer is a machine to apply fluids in the form of droplets. Sprayer is used for the following purpose. Application of herbicides to remove weeds. Application of fungicides to minimize fungus diseases. Application of insecticides to control insect pests. Application of micro nutrients on the plants.

The main function of sprayer are To break the liquid droplets of effective size. To distribute them uniformly over the plants. To regulate the amount of liquid to avoid excessive application.

TYPES OF SPRAY High volume spray (more than 400 litres spray/ha) Low volume spray (5 to 400 litres, per hectare) Ultra low volume (ULV) spray (less than 5 litres spray/ha)

Hand Sprayers Manually operated Knapsack hand compression sprayer Power operated Motorized knapsack sprayer Motorized knapsack duster Battery operated sprayer

Hand Sprayers Motorized knapsack sprayer Knapsack hand compression sprayer

Hand Sprayers Battery operated sprayer Motorized knapsack duster

TRACTOR MOUNTED SPRAYERS Crop Sprayers Mist Boom Sprayer (35 & 45 Ft width) Garden Sprayers Mist Blower Type Sprayer Mist Orchid Sprayer (citrus)

BOOM SPRAYER

TYPES 43 nozzles (15” b/w adjacent nozzles)

BLOWER TYPE SPRAYER

Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard. Consist of three parts. Spray tank Rotary atomizer Centrifugal pump The spray tank is especially manufactured by Fiber Glass, which is corrosion free.

MIST ORCHID SPRAYER (FAN TYPE)

Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard Locally it is called as jeeto sprayer. Used for orchard. Consist of three parts. Spray tank Rotary atomizer Centrifugal pump The spray tank is especially manufactured by Fiber Glass, which is corrosion free.

SUCCESSFUL SPRAYING Successful Spraying depends on though-rough coverage of the target with evenly distributed individual droplets. Good biological efficiency will result if the application yields an average of not less than 20 droplets/ cm on the target. In all system – tractor or knapsack sprayer – it is the nozzle that transforms the mixture into droplets. Low pressure Bigger droplets smaller flow High pressure smaller droplets Greater flow Smaller droplets evaporate or drift away by wind so what is the optimum as regards pressure. In any operation , Pressure should not exceed 5 bar in order to avoid drift. insecticides are sprayed with 1-3 bar.

NOZZLE Spray liquid is emitted, broken up into droplets and dispersed at least over a short distance. Nozzles are generally classified according to the energy used, hydraulic, gaseous, centrifugal, kinetic, thermal and electrical.

HYDRAULIC ENERGY NOZZLE Liquid under pressure is forced through a small opening or orifice . There is sufficient velocity energy to spread out the liquid, usually in a thin sheet. which becomes unstable and disintegrates into droplets of different size. pressure properties of the liquid such as surface tension , density, viscosity, and ambient air condition all influence the development of sheet . Hollow cone nozzle Fan nozzle Deflector nozzle Plain jet or solid steel nozzle Foam or air aspirating nozzle Microfoil nozzle

NOZZLE SELECTION GUIDE Nozzle Type Salient Features Hollow cone spray angle 65 – 110 operating pressure 3 bar droplet size 100 – 150 Micron, typical use foliage. Full cone Spray angle 25 – 70 operating pressure 3 bar droplet size 100 – 200 micron, typical use spot treatment. variable cone spray angle 0 – 110 operating pressure 3 – 10 bar, droplet size 100 – 200 micron, typical use orchards. Flat fan Spray angle 80 – 100 operating pressure 2 – 3 bar, droplet size 200 – 250 micron, typical use flat surfaces, post emergence herbicides.

Deflector. spray angle 90 – 140 operating pressure 1 – 2 bar Deflector spray angle 90 – 140 operating pressure 1 – 2 bar droplet size > 250 micron, typical use flat surfaces, pre – emergence herbicides. Spinning Droplet size 50 – 100 micron typical use foliage Disc and insects. Rotating Droplet size 25 – 100 micron, typical use foliage Gauze and insects. Rain drop Spray angle 55 – 65 , operating pressure 1 – 2 bar, droplet size > 300 micron, typical use liquid fertilizer.

SELECTION OF BOOM HEIGHT Spray angle Nozzle Height ( degree) Above Target (Inch) 65° 22 – 24 73° 20 – 22 80° 17 – 19 110° 12 – 14 at 40 psi, 20 inch row spacing & vertical orientation

DROPLET ON TARGET The very wide range of droplet sizes produced by most nozzles results in off- target losses due either to drift or run-off or both. Droplet are collected on insects or plant surfaces by sedimentation and impaction. Droplets below a certain size (<150 um) have insufficient kinetic energy and viscous changes and cannot bounce. conversely, very large droplets (>200 um) have so much kinetic energy that they shatter on impact. More droplets are collected on leaves which are fluttering in turbulent conditions and thus present a changing target pattern. Leaf roughness varies considerably between plants, its upper and lower surfaces and over the leaf surfaces . Generally the leaf roughness is less important when the droplet size is below 150 um. when choosing a given droplet size for a particular target, meteorological must be the equipment towards target. The magnitude of the effects of gravitational, meteorological and electrostatic forces on the movement of droplets is influenced by the size of the droplets.

OPTIMUM DROPLET SIZE AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS Droplet spray classic target retention drift size (um) fication on target hazard < 25 fine aerosole flying insects Good High 26 -50 course aerosole Foliage insects Good High 51-100 Mist foliage Good High 101-200 fine spray foliage moderate Low 201-300 Medium spray Herbicides Poor very low > 300 course spray Liquid fert very poor no drift

PUMP SELECTION GUIDE Pump type salient features Gear Low cost, short life, low pressure 6 bar, low output 50 – 75 l/min. Diaphragm High cost, long life, high pressure 50 bar, wear resident, high output 75 – 100 l/min. Piston/plunger High cot, long life, higher pressure 70 bar, wear resistant, high output 75 – 100 l/min. centrifugal Low cost, long life, low pressure 5 bar, high output 100 – 500 l/min. vane Low cost, short life, low pressure 20 bar, low (Rotary) output 50 – 75 l/min.

Roller Pump

Centrifugal Pump

Turbine Pump

HOW TO CALIBRATE LEVER OPERATED KNAPSACK SPRAYER Fill the tank with water and start spraying. Determine the spray width of the nozzle. Assume it is measured 1 m. spray width. Now check your walking speed. Let us assume you have 60 m/min walking speed. The area your sprayer covers in one minute. 1 m spray width x 60 m walking speed = 60 m2/min. Say spray volume required is 100 l/ha. Nozzle output = 100 l/ha x 60 m2 /min 10000 m2/ ha = 0.6 l/min

Collect the output of your nozzle at same pumping frequency, normally done during actual spraying. Does the actual nozzle output correspond to the calculation? Can the desired output be attained by altering the pressure? if not ? Calculate backwards let us assume you have nozzle output = 1.0 l/min spray width = 1. 0 m walking speed = 60 m/min spray volume l/ha = (1. 0x10000) 60 = 166 l/ha Product per tank you will have to add = 15l tank*5 l/ha = 0.45 l product to the tank

ACRE Spray width = 3.0 ft. walking speed = 210 ft/min Area sprayed = 3 x 210 = 630 ft2/ min volume required = 100 l/acre Nozzle output = 100 l/acrex630 ft2/ min 43560 ft2/acre = 1.45 l/min