ELECTRICITY Part 1: Electrostatics.

► One of the three basic energy use sectors.

Electricity Generation by Source 67% Fossil Fuel

Electricity Generation by Source 77.5% Fossil Fuel

Electric Power Generation

Electrostatics ► Study of charges that are NOT moving. ► What is Charge? ► A new property of matter. Similar to mass. ► Mass creates and responds to gravitational fields ► Charges create and respond to electric fields.

► There are two types of charges (Ben Franklin):  positive (+)  negative (-) ► Symbols for charge are q or Q ► Units of charge: Coulomb (C) ► A Coulomb is a lot of charge. Usually deal in micro coulombs and less in electrostatics. ► Fundamental charge: Magnitude of the charge on an electron or proton. ► e=1.602 x C ► Like charges repel, Unlike charges attract.

Definitions ► Conductor: Material that charges are free to move around in. Examples: metal (silver is best but copper is almost as good) ► Insulator (Dielectric): Material that charges are NOT free to move around in. Examples: glass, quartz, wood. ► Semiconductor: Can behave as either depending on conditions: Silicon, Germanium, Gallium- Arsenide.

Forces on Electric Charges ► Coulomb’s Law – for point charges and spherical charges

Electric Force ► In a hydrogen atom the proton and electron are separated by 5.3 x m ► What is the electric force between the proton and the electron?

Electric force strength A x N B. 8.2 x N C x N D x N

Forces on Electric Charges ► Gravitational force on a mass: ► F = mg ► Electric force on a charge: ► F = qE ► E (electric field) = F/q is the force per unit charge that a given charge experiences. (vector) ► In general E is not constant in space and time.

► If we move a charge in an electric field, we do work on it. ► W = Fd = (qE)d ► Define Voltage as V = Ed (uniform field) ► Note V = W/q (J/C): work done per unit charge in moving it through an electric field. ► V is potential energy per unit charge ► Equivalent to raising mass up in a gravitational field.

Work done by electricity ► What is the work done in moving a charge q = x C through 120 V? ►

Work done in moving charge A. 120 J B x J C x J D. 240 J

UNITS OF E & V ► V = PE/q (Joule/Coulomb = Volt) ► E = F/q (Newton/Coulomb) OR OR ► E = V/d (Volt/meter)

CAPACITOR ► Device for storing charge ► Two conductors separated by an insulator. ► Battery moves charge from one plate to another.