Pg. 120 RTW: What is one interesting fact about Aves? Objective: – I will be prepared for the Marine EOC on 5/17. Agenda: – Marine EOC Review Packet – Reptilia group send any digital documents to me! Homework: – Fish Food Project Monday, May 2 nd

Pg. 120 RTW: What is one thing you already know about sharks? Objective: – I will be able to cite examples and explain the adaptations to the marine environment of the invertebrate phyla: Fish & Sharks. Agenda: – Fish & Sharks Foldable – Fish & Sharks group be ready to present tomorrow! Homework: – Fish Food Project Tuesday, May 3 rd

Chordate Foldable (sharks and fish)  Examples: Class Agnatha: jawless fish Class Chondrichthyes : sharks, rays, skates Class Osteichthyes (Actinopterygii): bony fish  Characteristics: Gills for breathing (several shark species have to swim to breathe) Chondrichthyes have cartilage instead of bone Osteichthyes have bony skeletons and ray fins Agnatha have no jaws but rows of teeth in a circular formation

Chordate (sharks and fish)  Diagrams: Reproduction: Agnatha and Osteichthyes: spawning or internal fertilization. Lay eggs (some are tended to others are on their own) Chondrichthyes: internal fertilization - viviparous: live birth - ovoviviparous: egg stays in mom until hatched - oviparous: egg laying (mermaids purse)

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics  Backbone  Bilateral symmetry  Endoskeleton  Fish-simplest & oldest of all living vertebrates (Fossils date back to 400 million years ago)  Most abundant-over 22,000 species of fish in world  58% are marine

Jawless Fishes  class Agnatha  Most primitive  No jaws- feed by suction

Cartilaginous Fishes  class Chondrichthyes (Con-dric-thees)  Sharks, rays, skates, & ratfishes  Skeleton is made of cartilage Lighter & more flexible than bone

Mouth is ventral (underneath head)  Sandpaper like skin  May have well developed teeth Constantly are replaced

Movement  Fins more rigid than bony fish  Rely on pectoral fins to “lift” them in order to prevent sinking (no air bladder)  Large, oily liver that increases buoyancy  Streamline body shape – moves quickly b/c of large muscles in the caudal fin.  Asymmetric caudal fin improves stability

Sharks  Smallest = pygmy shark (25cm)  Largest = whale shark (15 meters)! These are filter feeders.  Bottom dwellers = nurse & leopard  Most aggressive = Great White  Other dangerous sharks = Tiger and Hammerhead

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Sensory  Sensitive receptors to detect stimuli: Lateral Line organ Hair-like sensors that pick up sound vibrations up to ½ km away  Ampullae of Lorenzini in the snout – senses electric fields generated by the muscles of potential prey.  2/3 of the sharks brain is devoted to sense and smell

Reproduction Internal fertilization Male sharks = Claspers that hold onto female for transfer of sperm into reproductive tract. Some (mostly aggressive) have internal development and live births (viviparous) -- hammerheads Some start predation early by devouring their siblings before they hatch! Other sharks and skates have external development – develop in a black, leathery case called a “mermaids purse” – take over a year to develop. (oviparous)

Whale Shark- largest fish in existence

Bull Sharks Very Aggressive Fresh and Saltwater

 Sharks must swim to force water over their gills If caught in nets they will drown  Some exceptions: nurse sharks- gills can contain enough oxygen w/o swimming

Bony Fishes  class Osteichthyes (Osti-ich-thees)  Skeleton partially bone  Have an operculum-gill cover to protect gills  Caudal fin usually same size (top & bottom)

 Bony fish have fin rays vs. cartilaginous fins  & a swim bladder Sunfish- largest Bony fish 1996, Japan 9.6 ft long

Biology of Fishes  Study of fishes: Ichthyology  Body Shape  Directly related to lifestyle  Fast swimmers=streamlined  Coral reef fish=laterally compressed

 Elongated bodies fit into rocks & other narrow spaces  Truncate, short- Laterally compressed- at beginning of life one eye on each side then migrates to same side

 Irregular shapes help with concealment-

Countercurrent exchange Heat exchange: legs of birds, body heating of fish such as Tuna and Mako shark

Fins  Pairs = Pectoral & Pelvic  Single = Dorsal, Anal & Symmetric Caudal (have air bladder for stability)  Skin – slimy mucus coating acts as a barrier against infection and friction

Pelvic Fin Anal Fin 1 st Dorsal Fin 2 nd Dorsal Fin Pectoral Fin Caudal Fin

No RTW: Fish & Sharks group be ready to present when the bell rings! Objective: – I will be able to cite examples and explain the adaptations to the marine environment of the invertebrate phyla: Fish & Sharks. Agenda: – Fish & Sharks Fish Food Presentation Homework: – Fish Food Project Wednesday, May 4 th

Pg. 120 RTW: What is one interesting thing you learned about Fish & Sharks? Objective: – I will be able to cite examples and explain the adaptations to the marine environment of the invertebrate phyla: Reptilia. Agenda: – Reptilia Foldable – Reptilia group be ready to present tomorrow! Homework: – FINAL IN CLASS ON 5/17: STUDY Thursday, May 5 th

Chordate (class reptilia)  Examples: Class reptilia: sea turtle, marine iguana, crocodiles, sea snakes.  General Characteristics: They are ectotherms; which means “cold blooded”. Bear their young in eggs Breathe using lungs, instead of gills

Chordate (class reptilia)  Diagrams:  Reproduction: sexual and either lay eggs or have internal development without parental nourishment. (ovoviviparous)

1.Kemp’s Ridley 2.Hawksbill 3.Loggerhead 4.Green 5.Leatherback Five (5) species of marine turtles nest in Florida

Green Sea Turtle

Green turtle It is one of the largest species: 3ft long recognized because they have one pair of scales in front of their eyes

Green Turtle  Most common  It’s called the green turtle because of the green color of the fat under shell, they are not actually green.

 Diet consists almost exclusively on seagrasses and marine algae (Hatchlings eat plants and animals)  Inhabits shallow waters and is attracted to lagoons with an abundance of grass and algae

Hawksbill

Hawksbill Turtle  The beautiful shell often used for jewelry  Distinctive by its hawk like beak  Can reach 3 feet

 Diet consists of primarily sponges  Inhabits rocky areas, coral reefs, coastal areas, lagoons.  Illegal trade of tortoiseshell continues

Kemp Ridley

Kemp’s Ridley

 most endangered species, as well as the smallest: only grows to in  They are olive green in color.  Mostly nest on one beach, in Rancho Nuevo, Mexico.

 Carapace is almost as wide as long  Diet consists mostly of crabs  Females swarm to mass nesting emergences known as arribadas in the daylight.

arribadas

Leatherback

Leatherback  Can dive the deepest and travel the furthest of any other turtle.

 Can reach 4 to 8 feet  Diet mostly jellyfish, but also sea urchins, squid, crustaceans, fish, blue-green bacteria, & floating seaweed  Most pelagic of all sea turtles

Leatherbacks  Instead of a solid shell they have bones in their skin that form 5 ridges.

Loggerhead

Loggerhead Turtle  They can be identified by their large head, reddish brown carapace (top), and dull brown plastron (bottom).

 Diet consists of mollusks, crustaceans, fish, other marine animals  Widely distributed

Turtle concerns 1. Diseases……caused by???????  Pollution  Red Tide  Viruses

 Fibropapilloma tumors (FY bro PAP il LO ma) Causes blindness Difficulty swimming Eventual death

Locations w/ infected Turtles

Turtle concerns 2. Us (humans) Boats Shrimp Boats, TED Devices Plastics, trash Loss of habitat Turtle egg poaching Beach nourishment/dredging Beach driving

Interesting Facts: Archelon is the oldest known fossil at 150 MYA. Found in 1970’s in S.Dakota.

Archelon: Measured 15 ft long (from beak to tail) and 16.5 ft wide (including flippers and shell), weighing 4,500 lbs.

Archelon: Primarily ate giant squid.

 Marine Iguana (10 in- 2 ft) Widely distributed throughout Galapagos Population varies in color & size= single species Herbivores= seaweed in intertidal zone  Males are bigger than females  Males tend to swim past breaks  Average diving depths= meters

Physical & Physiological Characteristics Permit feeding Habits -Long & sharp claws Land Iguana Marine Iguana

Marine Iguana gripping rocks during feeding

 Adapted to swim well  Flattened tail for propulsion

Able to scrape algae off rocks with 3 cusped teeth- Razor Sharp!!

Sea Snakes  Approx 70 species of sea snakes  Almost all are venomous  Different from eels Eels are fish with gills, not reptiles with lungs

American Crocodile

American Alligator

Overlapping Teeth Gator vs Crocodile

Crocodiles  Have been on earth for about 100 million years  Human impacts have caused population to decline  Found around the tip of Florida in coastal, brackish or saltwater habitats

American Crocodile American Alligator

American Alligator  Primarily freshwater swamps  Adults can tolerate saltwater for only short periods of time  Lack salt secreting glands found in crocodiles  Hatchlings receive parental care from mother staying with her for up to a year  Florida Red-bellied turtles tend to lay their eggs in an alligator nest

No RTW: Reptilia group be ready to present when the bell rings! Objective: – I will be able to cite examples and explain the adaptations to the marine environment of the invertebrate phyla: Reptilia. Agenda: – Reptilia Fish Food Presentation – Pinnepedia/Sirenia group send digital documents! Homework: – FINAL IN CLASS ON 5/17: STUDY Friday, May 6 th