Charting a Course NEXT

Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy For many years, U.S. leaders shaped foreign policy to avoid involvement in the affairs of other countries. As times changed and the United States became more closely tied to other countries, the nation became more involved in world affairs. Reading Focus Why did the United States find it difficult to maintain a policy of isolationism in its early years? What impact did the Monroe Doctrine and the Good Neighbor Policy have on U.S. international relations? How did World War I and World War II end U.S. isolationism? NEXT The Main Idea

Reasons for Isolationism Early years—the country was in debt and struggling to build an economy Early leaders tried to concentrate on the country's development and avoided foreign affairs. Border disputes with Canada and Spain blocked expansion and threatened trade. Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

U.S. International Relations Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT War of 1812—improved relations with Great Britain, British Canada, and other foreign nations; 100-year period of isolationism followed The Monroe Doctrine (1823)—set course of U.S. relations with Latin America and Europe; declared Americas closed to colonization

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U.S. International Relations (continued) Roosevelt Corollary (1905)—United States would police the Western Hemisphere; dollar diplomacy developed The Good Neighbor Policy (1933)—opposed armed intervention in Latin America by the United States Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

Wars End Isolationism: World War I—German submarines sank U.S. merchant ships, ending U.S. neutrality World War II—United States became the "arsenal of democracy" December 7, 1941—Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and shattered U.S. neutrality; U.S. declared war on Japan Germany and Italy declared war on the United States Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations? Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations? Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations? Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

Question: What are some results of U.S. international relations? Section 1: Development of a Foreign Policy 1 SECTION NEXT

Section 2: The Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union worked together during World War II, but the two nations became rivals soon after the war ended. Their political rivalry turned into a competition for global power that became known as the Cold War. Reading Focus What were the causes of the Cold War? How did the United States use its containment policy to respond to the Berlin blockade, the Cuban missile crisis, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War? What events marked the end of the Cold War? NEXT The Main Idea

The Cold War and early U.S. response: After World War II, Russia established communist satellite nations throughout Eastern Europe and tried to increase power to eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia. The United States sees Soviet expansion as threat to national security and world peace. Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

The Cold War and early U.S. response: (continued) The United States and the Soviet Union use propaganda, spying, alliances, foreign aid, and other methods against each other. March 1947—The Truman Doctrine begins policy of containment: financial aid to keep communism from spreading. Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis: The Berlin blockade—the United States and Great Britain airlift food, clothing, and essential items to the people of western Berlin Cuban missile crisis—the U.S. Navy and Air Force search foreign ships bound for Cuba for weapons; army troops are put on alert Show of force in the Cuban missile crisis underscores the dangers of the Cold War Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Marking the end of the Cold War: 1987—Gorbachev's reforms: glasnost and perestroika give Soviet people more freedom and restructure the failing economy; détente lessens tensions with the United States 1990—Communist governments fall in six Eastern European countries. 1990—Prodemocracy candidates win local Soviet elections. Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Marking the end of the Cold War: (continued) Soviet republics rally for independence. 1991—Soviet Union ceases to exist; the Commonwealth of Independent States forms. Cold War ends with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the fall of communism in Eastern Europe. Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Question: How did the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade differ from the Cuban missile crisis? Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Question: How did the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade differ from the Cuban missile crisis? Berlin Blockade United States & Great Britain begin a massive airlift of fuel, food, clothing, and other vital items. Planes from the United States and Great Britain make more than 250,000 flights. Results Soviet Union ends blockade. Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Question: How did the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade differ from the Cuban missile crisis? Cuban Missile Crisis United States demands immediate removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba. United States threatens military response. Navy and air force find and search all ships heading for Cuba. U.S. Army is put on alert. Results Soviet Union backs down and removes missiles from Cuba. Section 2: The Cold War 2 SECTION NEXT

Section 3: New Trends A primary goal of U.S. foreign policy has been to promote peace, trade, and friendship throughout the world. In the face of terrorism, war, and ongoing conflict in the Middle East, the United States and other governments have had to take a more aggressive approach to foreign policy in recent years. Reading Focus What global conflicts has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War? What global political problems and trade issues has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War? What impact has terrorism had on the United States and the rest of the world since the September 11, 2001, attacks? NEXT The Main Idea

New global challenges: As the only superpower, the United States tries to resolve conflicts and promote stability. Iraq—Iraq invaded Kuwait leading to the Persian Gulf War; Saddam Hussein remained in power and failed to keep cease-fire terms; relations with the United States remain poor India and Pakistan—nuclear powers clash over Kashmir Section 3: New Trends 3 SECTION NEXT

New global challenges: (continued) China—continuing disagreements with the United States on human rights and trade issues Africa—the spread of AIDS is a major concern Latin America and Canada—North American Free Trade Agreement shaping relations; War on Drugs Section 3: New Trends 3 SECTION NEXT

September 11, 2001 Terrorists hijack four airliners, destroy the World Trade Center, and damage the Pentagon. Thousands of people are killed in the attack. Osama bin Laden, leader of the al Qaeda network, surfaces as the prime suspect. The Taliban regime in Afghanistan is singled out as key sponsor of terrorism. Section 3: New Trends 3 SECTION NEXT

U.S. response to terrorist attacks: President George W. Bush declares a war on terror. President Bush appoints Governor Tom Ridge as head of the Office of Homeland Security. Colin Powell leads efforts to build an international coalition against terrorism. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization invokes its Article 5 for the first time. October 7, 2001—The United States and Great Britain begin airstrikes in Afghanistan; ground troops follow. Fighting terrorism has become central to U.S. foreign policy. Section 3: New Trends 3 SECTION NEXT

Question: What new challenges has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War? Section 3: New Trends 3 SECTION NEXT

Question: What new challenges has the United States faced since the end of the Cold War? Some New Global Challenges free trade terrorism AIDS in Africa war on drugs conflicts between Israel and Palestinians nuclear arms in India and Pakistan Section 3: New Trends 3 SECTION NEXT

Why did many U.S. officials favor isolationism, and why was this policy difficult to follow? What caused the United States to lose neutrality in the world wars? Why did the United States pursue a policy of containment? What was the U.S. response to the Berlin blockade and the Cuban missile crisis? What new foreign-policy challenges have emerged since the Cold War ended? What actions did the U.S. government take after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001? Chapter 23 Wrap-Up NEXT Wrap-Up