Scientific Revolution By: Boris, Sothea, Mosae

Contents 1. 1.Scientific Revolution Began.. (Slide 3) 2. 2.Theoretical Developments (Slide 4) 3. 3.Experimental developments (Slide 5) types of Methodological developments: (Slide 6) Mechanisation (Slide 7) Mathematisation (Slide 8) Empiricism (Slide 9) 5. 5.Involved gradual development: Astronomy (Slide 10) Physics (Slide 11) Chemistry (Slide 12) Biology (Slide 13) 6. 6.Causes of scientific revolution (slide 15 to 16)

Scientific revolution began.. The Scientific Revolution ( ) was a period of time in which many breakthrough discoveries were made in science and philosophy, as well as an era in which the Europeans’ perception of the universe and their role in it was changed forever. Although the Scientific Revolution began by only affecting the scientific and intellectual elite (5% of the pop) the concepts that originated during the Scientific Revolution eventually spread to all of the population. Involved gradual development: Astronomy Physics Chemistry Biology

Theoretical Developments 1543, Heliocentric model of the solar system (earth rotates around sun) beginning of the scientific revolution 1543, Heliocentric model of the solar system (earth rotates around sun) beginning of the scientific revolution Discovery that planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits Discovery that planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits Beginning of the Ptolemaic theory of the solar system Beginning of the Ptolemaic theory of the solar system 17 th century, Isaac Newton's laws of motion, universal gravitation, and light (end of the scientific revolution era) 17 th century, Isaac Newton's laws of motion, universal gravitation, and light (end of the scientific revolution era)

Experimental developments Development of telescopes Development of telescopes Foundation for the development of microscopes, and powerful telescopes today Foundation for the development of microscopes, and powerful telescopes today Greatly improved astronomy and navigation Greatly improved astronomy and navigation

3 types of Methodological developments Mechanisation Mechanisation Mathematisation Mathematisation Empiricism Empiricism

Mechanisation Before Mechanisation scientist believed the world was inhabited by angels, demons, spirits, and souls that control the principles of nature such as: why it rains, powers of a magnet, etc. Before Mechanisation scientist believed the world was inhabited by angels, demons, spirits, and souls that control the principles of nature such as: why it rains, powers of a magnet, etc. Mechanisation put an end to this. Mechanisation put an end to this. Beliefs then turned to that “the world consisted of matter moving in accordance with strict laws.” Beliefs then turned to that “the world consisted of matter moving in accordance with strict laws.” Scientific revolution turned nature into what was thought as a complex living thing into more of a machine. Scientific revolution turned nature into what was thought as a complex living thing into more of a machine.

Mathematisation Mathematics greatly improved during the scientific revolution Since mathematics is used for almost everything, this lead to many developments and improvements to many different things. Improved understanding of the universe Created mathematical formula for building, navigation, etc

Empiricism Meaning: “The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense- experience.” Meaning: “The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense- experience.”

Astronomy ( A new model of the Univer se) The major change in astrono my was that people accepted that the sun rather than the e arth was the center of the uni verse. Until the 16 th, Europea ns followed the cosmology th eory of the Greek astronomer Ptolemy. The major change in astrono my was that people accepted that the sun rather than the e arth was the center of the uni verse. Until the 16 th, Europea ns followed the cosmology th eory of the Greek astronomer Ptolemy.

Physics ( The Laws of Motion and Gravitation) Galileo’s most important scientific contributions were in the field of physics. He formulated the laws governing the motion of material objects. Galileo proposed the theory of inertia, according to which an object moves or rests until something outside of it changes its motion. Galileo’s most important scientific contributions were in the field of physics. He formulated the laws governing the motion of material objects. Galileo proposed the theory of inertia, according to which an object moves or rests until something outside of it changes its motion.

Chemistry ( The Discovery of Elements of Nature) Until the 17 th, chemistry was tainted by its connection to alchemy. The Swiss physician Paracelsus rejected the ancient theory that disease was caused by an imbalance of the four humors. He began using chemicals to treat patients for diseases. Until the 17 th, chemistry was tainted by its connection to alchemy. The Swiss physician Paracelsus rejected the ancient theory that disease was caused by an imbalance of the four humors. He began using chemicals to treat patients for diseases.

Biology (The Circulation of the Blood) William Harvey also challen ged the philosophies of Gale n by accurately demonstratin g how blood circulates throu gh the human body.William Harvey also challen ged the philosophies of Gale n by accurately demonstratin g how blood circulates throu gh the human body.

Cause of science revolution … Scientist take note of inadequacies of standard theories and began questioning them. i. Questioners were inspired/ influenced by the of some ancient scientists like Archimedes, (who was rediscovered during the Renaissance thanks to humanists who were looking for ancient works) that disagreed with old theories i. Questioners were inspired/ influenced by the theories of some ancient scientists like Archimedes, (who was rediscovered during the Renaissance thanks to humanists who were looking for ancient works) that disagreed with old theories 2. Interest in what is now known as magic. i. Was seen as a serious science ii. Includes alchemy and astrology iii. Linked by the belief the world could be understood through several secret truths (Neoplatonism) iii. Linked by the belief that the world could be understood through several secret truths (Neoplatonism) iv. These sciences contributed to the outpouring of new ideas, the questioning of the old theories and the use of math

European Interest in technology… i. New instruments and devices (printing press, telescope, vacuum pump, thermometer, barometer and microscope), often made for other purposes, were used in science and made possible many of the new discoveries. ii. Interest in technology was stimulated by the competition between the different nations because applied technology was used in warfare.

Effects of the Scientific Revolution People felt that human understanding of the universe could be reduced to mathematical laws The universe no longer appeared to be a mystery- people felt that it was orderly, rational and most importantly, could be understood by humans People felt that humans were able to control their own destiny

The concept of natural laws developed Laws similar like those found in science by Newton, could govern other aspects of life (ex: economics, politics, ethics) Science gained a wider appeal and unprecedented popularity Science was institutionalized Scientific societies sprang up throughout Europe– on both national and personal level Institutions helped the rate of progress

EFFECTIVES Positive effects of the S.R. Increased knowledge Increased knowledge Greater toleration (scientific and religious) Greater toleration (scientific and religious) Less superstition Less superstition More scientific answers More scientific answers Freedom to deviate from established theories which increased new developments Freedom to deviate from established theories which increased new developments Negative effects of the S.R. Loss of innocence Loss of innocence Loss of traditional faith Loss of traditional faith Loss of faith in heaven Loss of faith in heaven Earth is no longer regarded as the center Earth is no longer regarded as the center Skepticism Skepticism Loss of personal/ caring God Loss of personal/ caring God

Overall Legacy Scientific Revolution was an era of optimism that gave way to an Age of Reason in the 18 th century. Scientific Revolution was an era of optimism that gave way to an Age of Reason in the 18 th century. People living during the Scientific Revolution felt that they had surpassed even the ancients and were at the peak of human knowledge, and ideas of progress dominated intellectual discussions. People living during the Scientific Revolution felt that they had surpassed even the ancients and were at the peak of human knowledge, and ideas of progress dominated intellectual discussions.

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