Analyze the impact of the Cold War on national security and individual freedom, including the containment policy and the role of military alliances, the effects of the “Red Scare” and McCarthyism, the conflicts in Korea and the Middle East, the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, the Cuban missile crisis, and the nuclear arms race.

 Competition between U.S. and Soviet Union that spread all over the world.

 U.S. (1) Wanted democratic elections (2) Access to raw materials and markets (3) Reunite Germany  Soviets (1) Encouraged communism (2) Wanted to set up satellite nations (838) (3) Control Eastern Europe (4) Keep Germany divided

 Coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe how Soviets had cut off Eastern Europe from the west.

 International organization designed to help keep world peace.  Came into existence in  5 permanent members – U.S., France, Brit, Soviet Union, and China.  They were to address political and military problems, and veto any action proposed by the General Assembly.

BBecomes the cornerstone, restricting the expansion of Soviet communism.

 Assist any country that would resist the spread of Communism; essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading in Europe especially Turkey and Greece.

 Food and supplies were delivered to people in West Berlin when Soviets tried to cut off supplies.

 Each member pledged to defend each other in the event of an attack.

Berlin Wall  Aggravated Cold War tensions, and became symbol of Communism. Built in 1962 to separate East and West Berlin.

 Struggle to gain weapons superiority. H-Bomb Brinkmanship ICBM’s Sputnik U-2 Incident

 Stared June 25, 1950: Starts when N. Korean troops streamed across the 38th Parallel.  North Korea – communist; South Korea – democratic.  UN called its members to defend South Korea.  UN troops were placed under the command of MacArthur.  MacArthur the N. Koreans back when attacked them from behind.  China gets involved because we threatened the border with them at the Yalu River.

 China forces the U.S. back, and stalemate occurs.  MacArthur wants to invade China, but Truman doesn’t.  1951 – MacArthur is fired for insurb- ordination.  1953 – Armistice is signed with the original borders.

 Soviet’s response to NATO – forming an alliance with Communist countries.

 Oct. 1957: Soviets launched the Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.  Jan. 1958: U.S. launched its first satellite.

 To keep up Eisenhower urged the establishment of NASA to promote space technology.  Also got the National Defense Education Act passed – passed to put more money in the study of math, science, and foreign languages in schools.

 Started with the arms race and race to space. Citizens built bomb shelters.

 1950 – 1954: Senator Joseph McCarthy, from Wisconsin, used sensational charges of communist in the government. He was supported until he attacks the Army. Has a televised hearing that shows him as a bully.

Bay of Pigs  CIA had trained Cuban exiles for invasion of Cuba. Air strikes failed to knock out Cuban Air Force. 20,000 Cubans waiting for 1400 exiles. (200 were killed)  Biggest disaster of Kennedy Presidency; fired 3 in charge.  Paid $53 million in food and medical supplies in ransom to free commandos after 20 months of discussions.

Cuban Missile Crisis  Lasted for 13 days in October of  Soviets had missiles in Cuba to answer our missiles in Turkey.  JFK called for a quarantine, blockade was considered and act of war, of ships coming to Cuba.  Khrushchev says he will remove missiles if the U.S. end quarantine.  We took missiles out of Turkey months later.

 Recognized in 1948 by U.S.  Increased our involvement in Middle East.  We supported Israel and had interest in oil controlled by Arabs.

 1953 – Eisenhower pulls out of Korea and discusses the domino theory, that when one country in a region falls under Communist rule the others are close to follow.  1956 – Suez Crisis  1957 – Eisenhower Doctrine – U.S. would use force “to safeguard the independence of any country or group of countries in the Middle East requesting aid against an aggressor.” Basically the U.S. would use force to protect the Middle East from aggressors.

 Camp David Accords – a framework for achieving peace in the Middle East.

 Regulate world oil prices.  Forces us to be diplomatic in Middle East

 U.S. had supported the Shah’s government in Iran.  Oct. – Start of Iran Hostage Crisis. We had allowed the Shah to enter the U.S. for cancer treatment. Iranians wanted him for trial. Iranian students that supported the Ayatollah Khomeini seized the American embassy. Crisis lasted until Jan

 Result of changes within Soviet Union, strain of arms race, and liberation movements in Eastern Europe.  Fall of Berlin Wall – most impt symbol of Cold War falls