1 Classification Goal NCSCOS

2 Aristotle 384 BC Classified organisms as either plants or animals

3 Carolus Linnaeus Classification system Taxonomic groups of related organisms Binomial nomenclature (two names) Homo sapiens Dermacentor andersoni

4 Taxonomic Groups

5

6 Classification of Man KingdomAnimalia PhylumChordata ClassMammalia OrderPrimates FamilyHominidae GenusHomo SpeciesHomo sapiens

7 Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr

8 Different Species

9

10 * * Archaea

11 Kingdom Monera or Eubacteria Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food Cell wall –peptidoglycan

12 Kingdom Archaea Single celled Prokaryotic Make or absorb food DNA –Similar to Eukaryotic Cell wall –Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only

13 Kingdom Protista Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food

14 Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall –Chitin Absorb food

15 Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall –Cellulose Produce food –photosynthesis

16 Kingdom Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Ingest food Motile

17 Terminology Classification –Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship Taxonomy –The science of naming organisms Systematics –Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms Phylogeny –Evolutionary history

18 Cladogram Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms Each clad (group) share something in common Ancestral traits are the oldest Derived traits evolved later

19 Cladogram for Transportation Wheels are the most ancestral Wings are the most derived

20 Construct a Cladogram

21 Gorilla Four limbs Fur Lost tail

22 Tiger Four limbs Fur Tail

23 Lizard Four limbs Tail

24 Fish Tail

25 Chimpanzee Four limbs Fur Lost tail

26 Clad With 4 Limbs

27 Clad With Fur

28 Clad With No Tail

29 Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait

30 GorillaChimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Four Limbs Fur Tail Lost

31 Gorilla Tail? How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?

32 Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla Human

33 Synapomorphy A derived character shared by two or more groups. –Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. –Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships

34 Phylogenetic Tree Shows evolutionary relationships More historical than cladogram

35 MyxozoaMyxozoa ArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelida MolluscaMollusca LophophoratesLophophorates HemichordataHemichordata ChordataChordata OtherpseudocoelomatesOtherpseudocoelomates NematodaNematoda PoriferaPorifera CtenophoraCtenophora CnidariaCnidaria PlacozoaPlacozoa PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes NemerteaNemertea CiliophoraCiliophora SarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora MicrosporaMicrospora ApicomplexaApicomplexa MesozoaMesozoa EchinodermataEchinodermata CrustaceaCrustacea ChelicerataChelicerata UniramiaUniramia ProtochordatesProtochordates

36 Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

37 Fish Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth

38 Amphibian 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth

39 Reptile 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth

40 Bird 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic

41 Mammal 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair Endothermic

42 Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae

43 Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae Synapomorphies –Four limbs for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals –Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds & mammals

44 Symplesiomorphy Character shared by a number of groups Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. –Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships

45 Birds Mammals Reptile Amphibian Fish Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Endothermic Fur Feathers Vertebrae Symplesiomorphies –Vertebrae for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals –Four limbs for reptiles, birds & mammals

46 Monophyletic A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor The common ancestor is in the group Example: Mammalia –Ancestor was a mammal like reptile

47 Paraphyletic A group of descendants of a common ancestor Common ancestor is in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Reptiles –Does not include birds and mammals

48 Polyphyletic A group that has some similarities Common ancestor is in not in the group Not all descendants are included Example: Flying vertebrates

49 Tree of Life

50 Bilateral Symmetry 7-9 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane

51 Anatomical Terms Anterior –Head end (front side in upright man) Posterior –Tail end (back side in upright man) Dorsal –Back side Ventral –Belly side

52 Anatomical Terms (cont) Medial –Close to the middle Lateral –Close to the side Distal –Away from the main part Proximal –Close to the main part

53 Anatomical Terms (cont) Oral –End with the mouth Aboral –Opposite end of the mouth Cephalic –Toward head Caudal –Toward tail

54 Bilateral Symmetry

55 Radial Symmetry

56 Asymmetry

57 The End