First Law of Thermodynamics  Closed system: Q – W = (m/2)(V 2 2 – V 1 2 ) + mg(z 2 – z 1 ) + m(u 2 - u 1 )  Open system: steady state, single stream: shift to (h 2 – h 1 )

Ideal Gas Law  Definition  Pure substance

Compressibility  p = ZRT

Compressibility  Generalized chart

Ideal Gas Processes  p/T relationships  Polytropic processes: exponent  Reversible process

Specific heat  Energy to raise temperature of unit mass one degree  C = Q/ (mT) SI (kJ/kg K)USCS (Btu/lbm R) Water Ethanol Aluminum Brick

Specific heat  Gas has two values C v – constant volume process C p – constant pressure process  Internal energy as f(T)  Enthalpy as f(T)  k  R