Ideologies and Upheavals! Chapter 23

Eric Hobsbawm’s “Dual Revolution” Meaning both industrial progress and political progress were connected! Middle class growth pushed for representative governments. Idea said to have influenced Europe and then world for two centuries to come.

Congress of Vienna (1815) Peace Settlement for Napoleonic Wars Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria and others Led by Austrian Foreign Minister (Metternich)

Congress of Vienna (1815) Continued Wanted balance of power in Europe and compensation in form of land! - Prussia was “sentinel on the Rhine” - Austria gained Lombardy, Venetia, and Adriatic lands - France lost land but was at 1792 boundaries - Belgium and Holland united under Dutch Monarchy - Britain gained sea colonies and posts

Congress of Vienna (1815) Continued Dealt with France moderately (a little harsher after the 100 days of Napoleon’s escape) - had to pay 700 mil. Francs and support and allow and army of occupation for five years Quadruple alliance had to settle their own disagreements too - Russia wanted Poland and Prussia wanted Saxony - Brit., France, Austria make secret alliance and war is avoided and demands scaled back!

Intervention and Repression of liberal and revolutionary movements! Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed the Holy Alliance in 1815 Restored monarchy in Spain and Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Carlsbad Decrees of Metternich in the German Confederation.

Metternich and Conservatism born into the landed nobility of the Rhineland liberalism had led to a generation of war and bloodshed He symbolized the conservative reaction to the French Rev. He feared the rise of nationalism in Europe and the multi-national Austrian Empire

Liberalism Representative gov’t, equality before the law, freedoms, laissez-faire on economics Influenced by Adam Smith and his free competition and “invisible hand” Many who opposed conservatism felt that “liberalism” did not go far enough and wanted more radical changes

Nationalism Three common bonds: language, history, and territory. In reality many of these common bonds didn’t exist but this was a movement. Contributing factors: standardized language and education and “imagined communities” Liberalism and nationalism movements were connected Promotion of “we” and “they” was dangerous

French Utopian Socialism Socialism generally included the ideas of government planning of the economy (the Jacobin example), greater economic equality, and state regulation of property

French Socialists Count Henri de St. Simon - parasites and doers Charles Fourier - self-sufficient communities and women’s emancipation Louis Blanc - Organization of Work Pierre Joseph Proudhon - What Is Property?

Karl Marx and Socialism Lived Both he and Engels pub. Communist Manifesto The interests of any social class oppose that of another. (especially bourgeois and proletariat) Predicted uprising “Working men of all countries UNITE”! G. Hegel’s idea about History’s pattern and emergence of ideas.

Karl MarxFriedrich Engels

Romanticism’s Tenets Rejection of materialism Break with classicism’s rationality In favor of emotion Nature was powerful and violent Many disliked industrialization and its effects Took form of art, literature, music

Liberty Leading the People Traveler Above a Sea of Fog

Victor HugoGeorge Sand

Romantic Artist, Writers, and Composers! William Wordsworth Walter Scott Eugène Delacroix Joseph Turner and John Constable Ludwig Beethoven Friedrich Chopin

William WordsworthLudwig van Beethoven

National Liberation in Greece National, liberal revolution succeeded first in Greece Greeks revolted against the Islamic Turks in 1821 In 1827, Brit. France, Russia forced Turkey to accept an armistice with the Greeks Turkish refusal led to armed conflict (Battle of Navarino) German Prince installed as leader 1832

Liberal Reform in Great Britain In 1815 Tories passed Corn Laws to protect big landholding aristocracy from imports of foreign grain In the face of resulting protests, Tories suspended habeas corpus and right of assembly The Reform Bill of 1832 enfranchised many more voters (50% increase) Districts re-evaluated, “rotten boroughs” eliminated

Reform Continued Chartists became radical and did not think reform bill was enough! Slightly addressing the “Irish Question”, parliament passed the Catholic Emanicipation Act Tories and Sir Robert Peel competed for working-class support with Whigs by repealing Corn Laws and passing Ten Hours Act. By 1868, Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone seemed to alternate with the majority party as prime mininster. Disraeli with the Conservative party (Old Tories) and Gladstone with Liberal party (Old Whigs)

19 th Century Reforms Continue 1867, Conservatives and Disraeli win working class support with a new reform bill increasing electorate by 50%. 1884, Liberals and Gladstone pass a reform bill giving vote to almost all men. The Liberal party attempted social reforms in the early 1900s but was vetoed by the House of Lords. This led to a bill 1911 that made the House of Lords largely ceremonial without its veto. 1914, a bill granting Ireland “home rule” was passed but not put into effect until after the Great War in The Southern counties broke w/ England.

Ireland and the Great Famine Discrimination and taxation had created history of hatred. Ireland dependence on the potato for food a potato blight ruins crop exploitation of the peasants by absentee Protestant landlords led to famine between 1845 and 1851 sometimes called “Great Hunger” The British government took little action and crops not effected were shipped back to England. One million die and millions emigrate

Revolution of 1830 in France Louis XVIII’s Constitutional Charter of 1814 existed but only a few could vote Charles X used the military in Algeria to gain support He eliminated the charter and freedoms “three glorious day” of revolution Upper middle class installs Louis- Philippe who accepts the constitution

Democratic Republic in France 1848 Louis extends voting rights and adopts the “tricolor”! But, Louis Philippe and Chamber of deputies never truly represented people (Very few could vote anyway) Inflated food prices, unemployment, government’s inaction on suffrage and its self serving nature are the sparks. Second republic created when middle and bottom classes take Paris. Louis attempts to abdicate but provisional government formed. revolutionaries quickly established universal male suffrage and other push forward a variety of reforms.

Democratic Republic in France 1848 Differences existed among the revolutionary groups (mod. rep., soc., con.) Constituent Assembly elected and dominated by moderate republicans “national workshops” didn’t work and socialists agitated and became radical storming the Constituent Assembly. National workshops were dissolved Three days of fighting in June left thousands dead and injured and the moderates in control Constituent assembly’s constitution allowed Louis Napoleon to be elected as leader in 1848

Revolution in Austria 1848 revolution in the Austrian Empire began with Hungarian Nationalists demands unstable coalition (workers, students, peasants and Hung Natl.) of revolutionaries forced Ferdinand I to promise liberal constitution Ferdinand I abolishes serfdom Workers want worshops, moderates disagree, Hungarians want a nation- state.

Prussia presses for liberal const. Monarchy ! In March workers in Berlin and liberals (also had goal of German unification) revolt against Frederick William IV. March 21, Frederick William promises new constitution and a new German national state. Workers demands go beyond these concessions! An elected Constituent Assembly met in Berlin. Self appointed liberals met in Frankfurt to write a federal constitution for a unified German state. National Assembly was absorbed with Schleswig and Holstein. When Danish King tried to absorb them it called on the Prussian military to step in.

Prussia presses for liberal const. Monarchy ! March 1849, National Assembly elected Frederick William of Prussia new emperor of German national state. Frederick William rejected the Assembly and retook control issuing a new constitution declaring he ruled by divine right. He also disbanded Constituent Assembly. He then asked the various German entities to elect him as emperor. Austria and Russia demanded German unification be stopped and pre-existing conditions returned.