Human Rights The jewish comunity among the holocaust.

Social Exclusion and Economic Persecution of the Jews The anti-Jewish measures instituted by the regime became gradually worse between 1933 and A flux of laws and regulations, culminated in the denaturalization of the Jews under the racially discriminating Nuremberg Laws.

The Testimony of Lucille Eichengruen on Relations with Neighbors. Interviewer: Did you have German friends? Answer: Non-Jewish German friends? No. I: Only Jewish? Ans: Yes. We had some neighbors and the neighbors stopped talking and playing with us after But real friends, no. I did not have any. I: and your parents? Ans: neither. I: What happened after 1933? Ans: In 1933 the climate changed. There were restrictions, there were ugly incidents – we walked to school, children would beat us up. Children would yell at us and make nasty remarks. We were told to be quiet on the streetcar. We were told not to draw attention to ourselves, and slowly and gradually people began to leave. Students, teachers – it was a very unsettled situation. It was difficult to study under those circumstances. I: Your neighbors – how did they react? Ans: They stopped talking to us and the children would run after us and call us ugly name names, never talk to us. Sometimes they'd throw some stones and the boys, when they were in the mood they would beat us up.

The Nazi Extermination Camps The majority of Holocaust victims were murdered by the Nazis in six killing centers strictly intended for this purpose. At these camps, which functioned as part of the operation for the liquidation of Polish Jewry ("Operation Reinhard"), more than 1.5 million Jews from Poland were murdered. Tens of thousands of Jews from other countries were also murdered there.

Testimony of Abraham Eckstein about the Selection upon Arrival at Auschwitz-Birkenau They was hitting everybody left and right. And as I am standing there next to my father and with my brother - I already didn't see my sister, I didn't see my...because they say "Frauen,frauen extra". The women separate, you know? So I didn't even have the time to give a kiss my mother. I couldn't. There was nothing....And my father I see when we come there was a big reflected light there where they made the selection right and left.Right, left, right, left, right, left. So I see my father on the left - he run away that he shouldn't be hit and we made right and he made the left. Q: They sent him to the left? A: Yes, those the one who went right, they took them to work and those who went left already, they...that was straight into the gas chambers. In other words, they didn't see so much, more or less, they wanted the younger, the young ones to go to the right and the old ones eliminate. But again, they were smart, they didn't want to have turmoil so those the one who was attached or young ones with the mother, whatever it is, so they let them go, they should go on the left, you know. And old ones on the right, but they tried to select them their way with many old ones to go on the left. We went on the right. Anybody who went those days...none of them came back. None of them came back, you know. They all went to the gas chamber and to the crematorium. When we went through the selection so we had to start to move. Q: But you didn't even realize that your father was going to the other side? A: I didn't know those things. I didn't know where I am, what I am. I didn't know even if I'm in Auschwitz. What do I know - it was pitch-dark when we arrived there. Then started to get dawn. We had to run, young and old and as we run we saw two big fires, cracking such a rings in the sky. Some of the people there was saying the "vidui". We thought that we going in the fire. My brother was crying: "What's going to happen to us?" I said: "Don't worry. Let's go. G-d is with us. That's the way I felt, but still it all...I was calm and I was walking and I said: "Whatever is going to happen, is going to happen. I am in it and I cannot do anymore."

Resistance in the Ghettos The ghettos were centers of organization for various forms of Jewish resistance. In some ghettos the resistance activity initially centered on underground groups, often founded by Jewish youth movements that functioned alongside the Judenrat. As it became clear that the Nazis intended to murder the Jews of Europe, the activity of the underground groups in the ghettos evolved into armed resistance.

Mordecai Anielewicz

The Last Letter From Ghetto Revolt Commander Mordecai Anielewicz. “It is impossible to put into words what we have been through. One thing is clear, what happened exceeded our boldest dreams. The Germans ran twice from the ghetto. One of our companies held out for 40 minutes and another for more than 6 hours. The mine set in the "brushmakers" area exploded. Several of our companies attacked the dispersing Germans. Our losses in manpower are minimal. That is also an achievement. It is impossible to describe the conditions under which the Jews of the ghetto are now living. Only a few will be able to hold out. The remainder will die sooner or later. Their fate is decided. In almost all the hiding places in which thousands are concealing themselves it is not possible to light a candle for lack of air. With the aid of our transmitter we heard the marvelous report on our fighting by the "Shavit" radio station. The fact that we are remembered beyond the ghetto walls encourages us in our struggle. Peace go with you, my friend! Perhaps we may still meet again! The dream of my life has risen to become fact. Self-defense in the ghetto will have been a reality. Jewish armed resistance and revenge are facts. I have been a witness to the magnificent, heroic fighting of Jewish men in battle. “ M. Anielewicz Ghetto, April 23, 1943

Made by: PIPMAN SABAJ WAKSBERG MINOND PEREZ FIRSTATER BELLISI KOUSIAN SCHULTZ