HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 7 & 8

Beginnings of Education Prehistoric cultures used oral lang. to educate children Written lang. developed from need for more complex means of passing on knowledge from one generation to another 2000 BCE earliest evidence of schools in Sumeria and China Remember to see the chart for the influence of the Hindu, Hebrew, Chinese, and Egyptian influence on education

WESTERN EDUCATION in Greece The Age of Pericles created a concern for formal education What were the differences between Athens and Sparta? The 3 great Greek philosophers were ____, ____, and ____. Remember – females and slaves were not considered intelligent enough to warrant an education

WESTERN EDUCATION in Rome Rome conquered Greece in 146 BCE & adopted many Greek ideas about education Latin Grammar Schools – taught Latin, literature, history, mathematics, music, & dialetics Institutions of higher learning were also available (law, medicine, math, mechanics) Many people united with common language, religion, & government Education was still limited to wealthy boys

THE MIDDLE AGES CE 476 – Fall of Roman Empire Catholic Church became more powerful in government and in education Dark Ages – –Human knowledge regressed –Some progess evident – especially under reign of Charlemagne who used his position to establish schools & encourage scholarly activity –Alcuin – Charlemagne’s educational advisor

THE MIDDLE AGES CE Revival of Learning – – people began to thirst for knowledge Thomas Aquinas helped influence education Medieval Universities began –Bologna – law –Paris – theology –Oxford –Salerno –By 1492 = about 80 Influenced by Arab scholars (esp. in math and science)

THE RENAISSANCE BEGAN IN 1300 People began protesting the power the church had over social and intellectual life. Common people rebelled against the control of the wealthy and the Church. Humanism began – a revival of classical learning Da Feltre believed people could be educated and be Christians Erasmus also lived during this period.

THE REFORMATION BEGAN IN 1517 Began when Luther released his 95 Theses Melanchthon worked with Luther – they believed education should be available to all children Loyola also an influence Comenius produced textbooks – esp. in science – made easier because of printing press De La Salle founded an order of teachers that focused on elementary school – he was one of the first to use student teaching

AGE OF REASON BEGAN IN EARLY 1700s Revolt against superstition and ignorance Rationalism – believed in rational power of humans and human ability to reason – based on ideas of Descartes and led by Voltaire Frederick the Great – leader of Prussia – supported education by opening schools and creating teacher training and licensing laws Emergence of Common Man – thinkers like Rousseau began to argue that common people deserved a better life – Pestalozzi, Herbart, and Froebel applied this to education

ROLE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA SOUTHERN COLONIES –VA, Carolinas, MD, GA –Plantation culture –Widely dispersed population –No public schools – private tutors MIDDLE COLONIES –NY, NJ, PA, DEL –Wide variety of national & religious backgrounds –Each group provided education NEW ENGLAND COLONIES –Puritans were main group –More densely populated –Towns & cities became centers of culture, economics, & politics –Led the way in education

IMPORTANT DATES IN EARLY AMERICAN EDUCATION 1635 – 1 st Latin Grammar school est. in Boston – college prep. school 1642 – Mass. law requiring parents & masters to teach children to read 1647 – Old Deluder Satan Law – (also Mass.) towns with 50 families or more required to establish schools so they could read scripture 1787 – Northwest Ordinance – divided NW terr. into townships with 36 sections (16 th for educ.) 1789 – Constitution ratified – does not mention educ – Conn. 1 st state to use sale of public lands to finance schools First schools were dame schools, writing schools,, or charity schools

Early American Colleges 1636 – Harvard (MA) 1693 – William & Mary (VA) 1701 – Yale (Conn) 1746 – Princeton (NJ) 1754 – King’s College (PA) 1764 – College of Philadelphia 1764 – Brown (RI) 1769 – Dartmouth (NH) 1770 – Queen’s College (?) 1770 – College of Charleston (SC) All taught a traditional curriculum that focused on theology & the classics.

IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN AMERICAN EDUCATION Benjamin Franklin – opened the American Academy in Phil. In 1751 – had a more practical focus than Lat. Grammar schools Thomas Jefferson – wrote a plan for a public school system in VA – founded the University of Virginia Noah Webster – favored the creation of an American curriculum – wrote textbooks – created the American Dictionary of the English Language

The Common School Movement Forces in the growth of public schools –Larger & more urban population –Demands of larger working class –Social control –Needs of the frontier –Increased suffrage –Educational journals & organizations People involved –Horace Mann – Sec. of Board of Ed. in Mass. helped begin educational awakening in US helped establish common schools in Mass est. 1 st professional journal for educ. –Henry Barnard – 1 st US Comm. Of Ed. – founded the American Journal of Ed. supporter of elem. ed. for all children

Development of Universal Elementary Education Early schools focused on religion (until late 1800s) Became more secular as states passed compulsory ed. laws Harsh discipline Formal & impersonal Teachers generally poorly prepared Basic curriculum = reading, writing, & arithmetic Lancasterian (monitor) schools –used in many places –large no. of students taught at same time by one teacher –more advanced students taught others –relied on rote memorization –popularity ended in mid-1800

EVOLUTION OF TEACHING MATERIALS Hornbook most common device in colonial schools New England Primer –Used as early as 1690 –Basic reading skills with heavy religious motive Blue Backed Speller –used as early as 1800 –Spelling, reading, speaking, and moral advice Slates used from – mini chalkboard McGuffey’s reader – graded reading books used until 1900 also taught morals Pestalozzi, Dewey, and others influenced the development of better teaching materials

EDUCATION FOR FEMALES Limited availability in colonial period Catherine Beecher was an early advocate of women’s education 1821 – Joseph Emerson and Emma Willard opened seminaries for women Age of academies (mid 1800s) opened up more opportunities for women Mount Holyoke – established by Mary Lyon (a student of Emerson) Women’s rights movement began in the mid 1800s – led to the 19 th amend.

EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS 1619 – 1st slaves to colonies Churches led way in educating slaves and freedmen 1704 – school opened in NY city Southern states made it illegal to educate slaves – fear of uprisings Benjamin Banneker – inventor educated in MD Frederick Douglass – escaped from slavery – advocated vocational ed. Prudence Crandall – admitted a black girl to her boarding school in Conn. & was arrested Early colleges: –1854 – Lincoln University (PA) –1856 – Wilberforce (OH) –1867 – Howard (Wash DC) –1866 – Fisk (TN) –Some colleges admitted black students (Harvard)

WASHINGTON & DUBOIS DEBATE Booker T. Washington Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1880 (AL) Felt former slaves needed training so they could get jobs Tuskegee provided basic education & industrial training (students built buildings & did work) W.E.B. DuBois Harvard educated - raised in Massachusetts Felt African-Amer. should get the highest educ. possible & then go back and teach others Presented the idea of the Talented Tenth

MORE STUDENTS LED TO MORE SCHOOLS Population growth and higher percentage of popul. attending school leads to need for more schools Curriculum broadened to meet needs of wider variety of students Consolidation of schools –one-room schools eliminated –more programs available –led to growth of busing –increased school budgets

CHANGES IN TEACHER TRAINING Colonial Teachers –l–little education or training –p–poorly paid - some were indentured servants or apprentices Normal schools –2–2 year program –d–did not require high school degree –s–sometimes had model schools for practice teaching State Teachers’ Colleges –w–were normal schools –4–4 year program –g–growth of high school led to need for more teachers

CHANGES IN TEACHER TRAINING Growth of Academies in 1850s led to better educ. for teachers Teacher training programs began in the late 19th c. Universities began to offer teacher ed. in s - state teachers’ colleges became state colleges 1960s - state colleges became universities

SCHOOL REFORMS Committee of Ten (NEA) –sorted out academies and colleges –started accreditation program –created the Carnegie Unit and the basic high school curriculum Seven Cardinal Principles (NEA) - every student shoud receive and education in seven main areas 1940s - US at war - gov’t set up programs to train workers Cold War - Russia launched Sputnik - led to US National Defense Education Act (1958) - greater emphasis on math and science in school curriculum War on Poverty in the 1960s - Vocational Education Act, Head Start, National Teacher Corps Civil Rights Movement led to push for equal treatment for students – Brown v. Board of Education – Elementary and Secondary Education Act – Title IX