Learning objectives: 1. Describe why animals and plants adapt. 2. Give examples. 3. Investigate why penguins huddle. 11/04/16

Adaptations are the changes in plants and animals as a means of improving the chances of survival.

Polar bear

Cactus

Camel

Why do you think penguins huddle?

Investigation Temperature (°C) Single ‘penguin’ Penguin huddle Start5250 After 1 min5150 After 2 min4849 After 3 min4547 After 4 min4145 After 5 min3743 Plot both sets of data on a single graph and produce a line of best fit for each, then write a conclusion outlining your findings.

Analysis Graph Conclusion Compare results with others

Which elephant is best adapted to keep cool? Why?

Large surface area to volume ratio to lose heat quickly.

Think back to the polar bear … Small surface area to volume ratio, therefore it doesn’t lose heat easily.

Investigating the effect of surface area on heat loss 200ml of water in each container 1 plastic beaker (Asian) 1 plastic ice cream container (African) 2 thermometers 1 stopwatch Kettle Measuring cylinder Temperature (°C) BeakerIce cream tub Start After 1 min After 2 min After 3 min After 4 min After 5 min

Analysis Graph Conclusion Compare results with others

Organisms that can live in extreme environments

Examples Water bear (Tardigrade). Bacteria can survive in various different levels of pH, salt (salinity), temperature and pressure.

Learning objectives: 1. Describe the process of evolution. 2. Compare the ideas of Darwin and Lamarck. 3. Give examples of evolution. 15/04/16 Revision classes every Tuesday and Wednesday after school

Tree of life

What is evolution? “Survival of the fittest”

Charles Darwin HMS Beagle expedition to South America Finches Origin of Species Related to apes Common ancestor

Why do you think Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was not readily accepted?

The religious views of society caused Darwin to be the subject of many jokes.

DarwinLamarck Mutations occur Those with advantageous features survive These genes are passed on Over time change occurs Features used more frequently change These changes are passed on to offspring Over time change occurs

Natural selection Nature will select for those with suitable features and against those without. Mutated ‘black’ moth Peppered moth

Pollution due to industries in big cities e.g. Manchester, Liverpool, London, Sheffield and Birmingham

Before pollution After pollution

Is there any evidence for evolution?

Fossils Fossils are the remains of organisms from many years ago, found in rocks. Mineral replacement – bones eventually get replaced by minerals, forming a fossil.  Casts and Impressions – when buried in soft clay, the clay hardens around the organism, which decays and leaves a cast of itself.  Preservation (no decay happens) o In amber and tar pits – no oxygen or moisture so microbes that cause decay can’t survive. o In glaciers – too cold. o Peat bogs – too acidic.

Different types of fossils: Impressions Teeth Faeces (coprolite) Bones Amber Ice

Extinction: What causes a species to become extinct? Environment change (e.g. destruction of habitat) A new predator. A new disease. They can’t compete with another species for food. A catastrophic event (e.g. volcanic eruption, asteroid collision). The World Wildlife Fund estimates that 10,000 species go extinct every year.

The dinosaurs

The dodo and passenger pigeon