SHS 306 KINESIOLOGY INTELIGENCE AND SECURITIES STUDIES HUMAN MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGIES

Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

Anatomical Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

Anatomical position Anatomical position Standard reference point Standard reference point Palms face front Palms face front Fundamental position Fundamental position Similar to anatomical position Similar to anatomical position Arms more relaxed Arms more relaxed Palms face inward Palms face inward Relative angle Relative angle Included angle between two segments Included angle between two segments Reference Positions

Reference Systems Necessary for accurate observation & description Necessary for accurate observation & description Fundamental & anatomical positions Fundamental & anatomical positions Axes Axes Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles Origin Origin Point of intersection of axes Point of intersection of axes

Absolute vs. Relative Relative Relative Segment movement described relative to the adjacent segment Segment movement described relative to the adjacent segment Absolute Absolute Axes intersect in the center of a joint Axes intersect in the center of a joint

Relative Position Medial – toward midline of the body Medial – toward midline of the body Lateral – away from midline of the body Lateral – away from midline of the body Proximal – toward point of attachment Proximal – toward point of attachment Distal – away from point of attachment Distal – away from point of attachment Superior – toward the top of the head Superior – toward the top of the head Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet Inferior – toward the bottom of the feet

Relative Position (cont.) Anterior – front, ventral Anterior – front, ventral Posterior – back, dorsal Posterior – back, dorsal Ipsilateral – on the same side Ipsilateral – on the same side Contralateral – on opposite sides Contralateral – on opposite sides

Planes & Axes Plane Plane Flat, two-dimensional surface Flat, two-dimensional surface Cardinal planes Cardinal planes Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the center of mass Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting the center of mass Axis of rotation Axis of rotation Point about which movement occurs Point about which movement occurs Perpendicular to plane of motion Perpendicular to plane of motion

Cardinal Planes Sagittal Sagittal Left & right halves Left & right halves Mediolateral axis Mediolateral axis Frontal (coronal) Frontal (coronal) Front & back halves Front & back halves Anteroposterior axis Anteroposterior axis Transverse (horizontal) Transverse (horizontal) Upper & lower halves Upper & lower halves Longitudinal axis Longitudinal axis Many other planes exist Many other planes exist

Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane Sagittal plane The plane dividing the body into right and left portions The plane dividing the body into right and left portions Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Anatomical Planes Frontal plane Frontal plane The plane dividing the body into front and back portions The plane dividing the body into front and back portions Also called the Coronal plane Also called the Coronal plane

Anatomical Planes Transverse plane Transverse plane The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions Also called the Horizontal plane Also called the Horizontal plane

Positions and Directions Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes

Positions and Directions Superior Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the bodyInferior Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

Anterior Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the bodyPosterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body Positions and Directions

Medial Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the bodyLateral Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body Positions and Directions

Distal (Reference to the extremities only) (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limbProximal (Reference to the extremities only) (Reference to the extremities only) Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb Positions and Directions

Superficial Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structureDeep Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure Positions and Directions

Ventral Towards the front or belly Towards the front or belly You Vent out or your nose and mouth. You Vent out or your nose and mouth.Dorsal Towards the back Towards the back Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin. Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin. Positions and Directions

Humans are bipedal, we walk on two legs, therefore our Ventral side / Dorsal side flips at our lower extremities. Ventral – BlackDorsal – White Ventral – Black Dorsal – White

Prone Lying face down Lying face down Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home. Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.Supine Lying face up Lying face up Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth. Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.Unilateral Pertaining to one side of the body Pertaining to one side of the bodyBilateral Pertaining to both sides of the body Pertaining to both sides of the body

MovementsFlexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints In the Fetal Position we are flexing our jointsExtension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints In the Anatomical Position we are extending our jointsHyperextension Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position. Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

MovementsAdduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Moving a body part towards the midline of the bodyAbduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Pronation Turning the arm or foot downward Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole of the foot - down) (palm or sole of the foot - down) Prone ProneSupination Turning the arm or foot upward Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot - up) (palm or sole of the foot - up) Supine SupineMovements

Retraction Moving a part backward Moving a part backwardProtraction Moving a part forward Moving a part forwardElevation Raising a part Raising a partDepression Lowering a part Lowering a partMovements

Rotation Turning on a single axis Turning on a single axisCircumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline

Lateral Flexion Side-bending left or right Side-bending left or right Movements

Inversion Turning the sole of the foot inward Turning the sole of the foot inwardEversion Turning the sole of the foot outward Turning the sole of the foot outwardDorsiflexion Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shinPlantarflexion Ankle movement pointing the foot downward Ankle movement pointing the foot downwardMovements

Additional Range of Motion

Flexion & Extension Flexion Flexion Decreasing joint angle Decreasing joint angle Extension Extension Increasing joint angle Increasing joint angle Hyperflexion Hyperflexion Flexion beyond normal range Flexion beyond normal range Hyperextension Hyperextension Extension beyond normal range Extension beyond normal range

Abduction & Adduction Abduction Abduction Moving away from midline Moving away from midline Adduction Adduction Moving toward midline Moving toward midline Hyperabduction Hyperabduction Abduction past 180° point Abduction past 180° point Hyperadduction Hyperadduction Adduction past 0° point Adduction past 0° point

Other Movement Descriptors Rotation Rotation Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Medial (internal) or lateral (external) Right/left for head & trunk Right/left for head & trunk Lateral flexion Lateral flexion Head or trunk only Head or trunk only Example: head tilts sideways Example: head tilts sideways Circumduction Circumduction Movement in a conic fashion Movement in a conic fashion

Movement Descriptors of the Foot Plantarflexion Plantarflexion Increase angle between foot and shank Increase angle between foot and shank Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion Decrease angle between foot and shank Decrease angle between foot and shank Inversion Inversion Lift medial edge of foot Lift medial edge of foot Eversion Eversion Lift lateral edge of foot Lift lateral edge of foot

Pronation & Supination of the Foot Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as inversion & eversion Pronation & supination of the feet are not the same as inversion & eversion Pronation of the foot Pronation of the foot Dorsiflexion at the ankle Dorsiflexion at the ankle Eversion in the tarsals Eversion in the tarsals Abduction of the forefoot Abduction of the forefoot Supination of the foot Supination of the foot Plantarflexion at the ankle Plantarflexion at the ankle Inversion in the tarsals Inversion in the tarsals Adduction of the forefoot Adduction of the forefoot

Movements Flexion Flexion Extension Extension Hyperextension Hyperextension Adduction Adduction Abduction Abduction Prontaion Prontaion Supination Supination Retraction Retraction Protraction Protraction Elevation Elevation Depression Depression Rotation Rotation Circumduction Circumduction External Rotation External Rotation Internal Rotation Internal Rotation Inversion Inversion Eversion Eversion Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Plantarflexion Radial Deviation Radial Deviation Ulnar Deviation Ulnar Deviation Opposition Opposition

End of Lecture