Probability  The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses  Think of probability like flipping a coin. If you.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Biology Ch. 11 Review.
Advertisements

1 Review What is probability Use Models How are Punnett squares used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses 2 Review What is independent assortment.
11-1 The Work of Mendel What does every living thing inherit from their parents? Genetics – the study of heredity Look around at your classmates and make.
1. What is genetics The study of heredity 2. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study what? inheritance.
Mendel wondered if genes that determine different traits affect one another. He did an experiment to find out. Mendel found that the gene for seed shape.
Chapter 11.
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Chapter 11-3: Exploring Mendelian Genetics. To determine if the segregation of one pair of alleles affects the segregation of another pair of alleles,
Independent Assortment
Genetics Chromosome Number Fruit fly example: 8 chromosomes total
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Page 270. Think about it…. Mendel wondered if alleles sorted independently… ….for example… “…is the gene for green/yellow.
End Show Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology.
Applying Mendel’s Principles Probability, Punnett Squares, & Independent Assortment (Dihybrid Cross) Section 11.2.
Lesson Overview Lesson Overview The Work of Gregor Mendel What do you already know about Gregor Mendel? What do you know about genetics? What questions.
Genetics.
Mendel & Genetics Review Powerpoint
Mendel performed cross-pollination in pea plants.
Exploring Mendelian Genetics Section 11-3 Objectives: 7.0 Apply Mendel's law to determine phenotypic and genotypic probabilities of offspring. 7.1 Defining.
Chapter 8 Introduction to Genetics
 Independent Assortment- Genes that segregate (separately) independently do not influence each other's inheritance.  The principle of independent.
Alleles segregate during gamete formation, but do they do it independently?
End Show Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics.
WHAT IS PROBABILITY? Punnett Squares & Probability.
Genetics Genetics is the scientific study of heredity. Chapter 11 Sections 1-3.
Mendelian Genetics Ch 14.
Genetics. What is Genetics  Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.  Heredity is what makes each species unique.
Genetics Chapter 11. What is Genetics  Genetics is the scientific study of heredity.  Heredity is what makes each species unique.
Chapter 5 Basic Genetics GCA General Biology Mr. Cobb.
The Work of Gregor Mendel & Applying Mendel’s PrinciplesGregor Mendel Unit 5C Genetic Inheritance.
Exploring Mendelian Genetics. Independent Assortment Does the segregation of one pair of alleles affect the segregation of another pair of alleles? –Mendel.
11.1 Gregor Mendel  Observed traits in offspring when pea plants were cross pollinated (pp )  A parent that was pure for a trait was crossed with.
Genetics the scientific study of heredity.
11-1 The Work of Mendel What does every living thing inherit from their parents? Genetics – the study of heredity Look around at your classmates and make.
Jeopardy Mendel’s Labs Principles Traits Terms to know Meiosis Q $100 Q $200 Q $300 Q $400 Q $500 Q $100 Q $200 Q $300 Q $400 Q $500 Final Jeopardy.
11-3: Exploring Mendelian Genetics Objectives:  Explain the principle of independent assortment.  Describe the inheritance patterns that exist aside.
Chapter 11: Intro to Genetics 11-3 Other Patterns of Inheritance.
Co-dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Polygenic Traits, and Multiple Alleles More about Mendel:: The Principle of Independent Assortment: genes for different.
Lesson Overview Lesson Overview The Work of Gregor Mendel Lesson Overview 11.1 The Work of Gregor Mendel.
Chapter 14 – Genetics and the Work of Mendel
Genetics.
Chapter 8 Heredity.
Mendel & heredity.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology Mr. Karns Mendels Laws.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Genetics the scientific study of heredity.
11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel
Genes and Alleles Scientists call the factors that control traits genes They call the different forms of a gene alleles (uh leelz). The factors that.
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Segregation (p. 311 and 312) Segregation = separation
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics
What are the different forms of a gene called?
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Outline 11-3A Studying Heredity
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Punnett Squares & Probability
Punnett Squares.
Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
Punnett Squares & Probability
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Punnett Squares & Probability
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Punnett Squares & Probability
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Presentation transcript:

Probability  The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses  Think of probability like flipping a coin. If you flip a coin 3 times in a row, what is the probability you will get heads 3 times?  ½ X ½ X ½ = 1/8

The Punnett SquareThe Punnett Square Tall Pea Plant (P Generation) Short Pea Plant (P Generation) Genotype Results: 100% Tt (Hybrid/heterozygous) Phenotype Results: 100% Tall Punnett squares are used to figure out the probability of a genetic cross

Two-Factor Cross: F1

Two-Factor Cross: F2  Crossed  Heterozygous F1 plants (RrYy) with each other to determine if the alleles would segregate in the F2 generation.  RrYy × RrYy  Produced  9:3:3:1 ratio

The Principle of Independent Assortment  Independent Assortment:  Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.  Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms.

Independent Assortment  Two-Factor Cross  Mendel determine if the segregation of one pair of alleles affects the segregation of another pair of alleles  Two-Factor Cross: F1  Crossed true-breeding plants  Round yellow peas (genotype RRYY ) X wrinkled green peas (genotype rryy ).  F1 Offspring  All round yellow peas ( RrYy ).

Pedigrees Can Be Used to Study How Traits Are Inherited  Pedigree:  A family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations.  Ex: Albinism  Sex-linked trait:  A trait whose allele is located on the X chromosome.  Usually recessive  Males usually exhibit the sex-linked condition  Ex: Color blindness

Incomplete Dominance  Incomplete Dominance:  One allele is not completely dominant over another  The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes.  Example: Pink flowers

Codominance  Codominance:  Both alleles contribute to the phenotype.  Example:  Chickens  The allele for black feathers is codomiant with the allele for white feathers  Roan Cow  The allele for white hair is codominant with the allele for red hair

Multiple Alleles  Multiple Alleles:  Genes that are controlled by more than two alleles.  Example:  Rabbits  A rabbit's coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles.

Polygenic Traits  Polygenic Traits:  Traits controlled by two or more genes  Example:  Human Skin  Skin color in humans is a polygenic trait controlled by more than four different genes.