September 2015preAP Biology – Lookabaugh Moore High School The Cell The basic unit of all living things 1

The Cell Theory 1.The cell is the unit of Structure of all living things. 2.The cell is the unit of Function of all living things. 3.All cells come from Pre-existing cells. 3

Who came up with this theory? 1. Schleiden (circa 1838) He was a botanist 1. Schleiden (circa 1838) He was a botanist All plants are made of cells! Onion skin cells

2. Schwann – He was a Zoologist 2. Schwann – He was a Zoologist Who came up with this theory? All animals are made of cells! Human rbc’s

Who came up with this theory? 3. Virchow All cells come from pre-existing cells!

Robert Hooke was the first to name the cell (1665) 2 What was he looking at?

First Microscope Created Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek Animamicules

Microscopic (mostly) Measured in microns µm (micrometers) A µm is one millionth of a meter = m = one thousandth of 1 mm. Microscopic (mostly) Measured in microns µm (micrometers) A µm is one millionth of a meter = m = one thousandth of 1 mm. How big are cells?

Cell Sizes

How big are cells? Human Egg cell, only human cell that can be seen without the use of a microscope µm in diameter (1 mm) Human Egg cell, only human cell that can be seen without the use of a microscope µm in diameter (1 mm)

How big are cells? Bacteria e.g. Eschericia coli (aka E.coli) Size=1 µm by 3 µm Bacteria e.g. Eschericia coli (aka E.coli) Size=1 µm by 3 µm

How big are cells? Human red blood cell = 8 µm in diameter

How big are cells? Smallest cell in the human body = sperm cell. Smallest cell in the human body = sperm cell.

How big are cells? Largest cell with a metabolism = Chaos chaos Size=1-5 mm in length.mm common name = Giant Amoeba Largest cell with a metabolism = Chaos chaos Size=1-5 mm in length.mm common name = Giant Amoeba Chaos diffluens, is an amoeba closely related to the giant amoebaeamoebagiant

How big are cells? Largest cell = yolk of an ostrich egg

Types of Microscopes 1.Compound light microscope – Light passes through lenses to magnify image up to 1000X – Can observe living cells 1.Compound light microscope – Light passes through lenses to magnify image up to 1000X – Can observe living cells

Types of Microscopes 2. Electron microscope – Uses a beam of electrons to magnify image > 1000X – Kills cells being observed – Using thin cuts and metal fixatives 2. Electron microscope – Uses a beam of electrons to magnify image > 1000X – Kills cells being observed – Using thin cuts and metal fixatives

Two Major Cell Types Prokaryotic cells – (Streptococcus, E.coli, etc.) NO NUCLEUS Eukaryotic cells. These include: plants, animals, fungi, protists HAVE A NUCLEUS 4

Common features of all cells 1. Selectively/differentially permeable

Embedded with MACROMOLECULES 8

Proteins in the Cell Membrane

Time to Make A MODEL

Build a Plasma Membrane 1.Cut out the membrane ONLY ON SOLID LINES. 2.FOLD on the dotted lines and tape into a box. 3.Cut out each protein on solid lines only. Form a 3 D shape. 4.Tape the 3 D protein together 5.Stagger the proteins in the membrane and tape to the membrane 1.Cut out the membrane ONLY ON SOLID LINES. 2.FOLD on the dotted lines and tape into a box. 3.Cut out each protein on solid lines only. Form a 3 D shape. 4.Tape the 3 D protein together 5.Stagger the proteins in the membrane and tape to the membrane

ANIMAL CELL – Typical drawing 5

PLANT CELL 6

Common features of all cells 2. Cytoplasm – semi-fluid material in which cell organelles float “ CELL GEL” 2. Cytoplasm – semi-fluid material in which cell organelles float “ CELL GEL”

1. CELL MEMBRANE CELL MEMBRANE: All cells are covered by a cell membrane; it regulates what comes in and goes out of the cell. Also Called the PLASMA MEMBRANE Found in both plant and animal cells CELL MEMBRANE: All cells are covered by a cell membrane; it regulates what comes in and goes out of the cell. Also Called the PLASMA MEMBRANE Found in both plant and animal cells 7

Common features of all cells 3. Nucleic acid containing genetic code : DNA or RNA 3. Nucleic acid containing genetic code : DNA or RNA

Common features of all cells 4. Cytoskeleton – proteins that support the cell (Microtubules & microfilaments) 4. Cytoskeleton – proteins that support the cell (Microtubules & microfilaments)

Common features of all cells 5. Ribosomes – site to make proteins Bacteria- float free Attached to ER in Animals and Plants 5. Ribosomes – site to make proteins Bacteria- float free Attached to ER in Animals and Plants

RIBOSOME Ribosome – the site where amino acids are hooked together to make proteins This is the site of Protein Synthesis Found in both plant and animal cells 11

ORGANELLES ONLY in PLANTS AND ANIMALS – not bacterial cells

NUCLEUS - In Plants and Animals Nucleus – contains the cell’s DNA and is the control center of the cell Found in both plant and animal cells. Nucleus – contains the cell’s DNA and is the control center of the cell Found in both plant and animal cells. 10

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - found in both plants and animals Rough E.R. is a System of Channels that transport proteins in a cell. Some reactions take place on the surface. Smooth E.R.- no ribosomes on them and works to manufacturer and transport lipids Rough E.R. is a System of Channels that transport proteins in a cell. Some reactions take place on the surface. Smooth E.R.- no ribosomes on them and works to manufacturer and transport lipids 12

GOLGI BODIES Responsible for labeling, sorting and packaging chemicals ( like proteins) and secreting (releasing) them from the cell 13

VACUOLES Vacuoles – store water and other materials Found in both plant and animal cells Plants have very large vacuoles. Animals have small vacuoles Vacuoles – store water and other materials Found in both plant and animal cells Plants have very large vacuoles. Animals have small vacuoles 14

Food Vacuole 15

Mitochondria – Makes Energy for Cell. Energy is also called ATP Site of Cellular Respiration It takes in oxygen and glucose and releases Carbon dioxide, water and ATP Found in both plant and animal cells. 17 MITOCHONDRIA

LYSOSOME Lysosomes are a type of Vacuole – they digest food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders. They have such powerful enzymes they can destroy a whole cell. Example: Tadpole’s tail. Found in animal cells only Lysosomes are a type of Vacuole – they digest food particles, wastes, cell parts and foreign invaders. They have such powerful enzymes they can destroy a whole cell. Example: Tadpole’s tail. Found in animal cells only 16

Some Organelles are NOT in Animal Cells Do you know which ones? 18

CELL WALL Cell Wall – the cell wall gives structure and support to the cell membrane. Found in plant cells, Bacteria and Fungi Cell Wall – the cell wall gives structure and support to the cell membrane. Found in plant cells, Bacteria and Fungi 19

CHLOROPLASTS All plant cells contain Chloroplasts. They are the organelle responsible for photosynthesis This process uses the sun to make glucose(sugar) for both the plant and for other organisms. ***Chloroplasts are green due to a pigment called chlorophyll. Only found in plant cells and some microbes All plant cells contain Chloroplasts. They are the organelle responsible for photosynthesis This process uses the sun to make glucose(sugar) for both the plant and for other organisms. ***Chloroplasts are green due to a pigment called chlorophyll. Only found in plant cells and some microbes 20

There is one organelle found only in Animal Cells…. Can you name it?

The Centrioles These are necessary for Animal cells to divide properly but plants manage without them. 21

COMPARISON OF ORGANELLES TO ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANELLEORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM NUCLEUSBRAIN NERVOUS SYSTEM CELL MEMBRANE LUNGSRESPIRATOR Y SYSTEM LYSOSOMESTOMACHDIGESTIVE SYSTEM CELL MEMBRANE KIDNEYEXCRETORY SYSTEM 23

WRAP UP 1.HEREDITARY INFORMATION IS STORED INSIDE THE: A. RIBOSOMES B. NUCLEUS, C. MITOCHONDRIA 1.HEREDITARY INFORMATION IS STORED INSIDE THE: A. RIBOSOMES B. NUCLEUS, C. MITOCHONDRIA 25

WRAP UP 2. DIAGRAM TO THE RIGHT REPRESENTS: A. A CHLOROPLAST CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION B. A LYSOSOME CARRYING OUT PHAGOCYTOSIS C. A MITOCHONDRIA CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION 2. DIAGRAM TO THE RIGHT REPRESENTS: A. A CHLOROPLAST CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION B. A LYSOSOME CARRYING OUT PHAGOCYTOSIS C. A MITOCHONDRIA CARRYING OUT RESPIRATION 26

WRAP UP 3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION FOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN BODY FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO MOST COMPLEX ARE: A. CELLS-->TISSUES-->ORGANS-- >SYSTEMS B. SYSTEMS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >CELLS C. CELLS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >SYSTEMS 3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION FOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN BODY FROM LEAST COMPLEX TO MOST COMPLEX ARE: A. CELLS-->TISSUES-->ORGANS-- >SYSTEMS B. SYSTEMS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >CELLS C. CELLS-->ORGANS-->TISSUES-- >SYSTEMS 27

WRAP UP 4. STUDIES OF FAT CELLS AND THYROID CELLS SHOW THAT FAT CELLS HAVE FEWER MITOCHONDRIA THAN THYROID CELLS. A BIOLOGIST WOULD MOST LIKELY INFER THAT FAT TISSUE: A. HAS ENERGY REQIREMENTS EQUAL TO THOSE OF THYROID TISSUE B. REQUIRES LESS ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE C. REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE 4. STUDIES OF FAT CELLS AND THYROID CELLS SHOW THAT FAT CELLS HAVE FEWER MITOCHONDRIA THAN THYROID CELLS. A BIOLOGIST WOULD MOST LIKELY INFER THAT FAT TISSUE: A. HAS ENERGY REQIREMENTS EQUAL TO THOSE OF THYROID TISSUE B. REQUIRES LESS ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE C. REQUIRES MORE ENERGY THAN THYROID TISSUE 28