1 Larry W. Lake 1 Contributors: Susan J. Altman 2, Hilary C. Olson 1, Grant Heffelfinger 2 1 University of Texas at Austin 2 Sandia National Laboratories March 03, 2016

Basic Science Risk Assessment Mitigation and Management 2 decreasing risk Risk Profile and Pore Pressure Benson, IPCC, 2007 Increasing risk Modified after Benson et al., 2005 Mission: Understand and control emergent behavior arising from coupled physics and chemistry in heterogeneous geomaterials, particularly during the years to decades time scale.

3 Center for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO 2 (NCGC) Center for Geologic Storage of CO 2 (GSCO 2 ) Center for Frontiers of Subsurface Energy Security (CFSES) 3

CFSES, GSCO 2 and NCGC Center for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO 2 (NCGC) NCGC: Enhance the performance and predictability of subsurface storage by understanding the molecular and nanoscale origins of CO 2 trapping. Center for Geologic Storage of CO 2 (GSCO 2 ) GSCO 2 : Generate new conceptual, mathematical, and numerical models of subsurface geologic storage based on observations at CO 2 injection projects. Center for Frontiers of Subsurface Energy Security (CFSES) CFSES: Understand and control emergent long-term behavior of coupled physics and chemistry in heterogeneous geomaterials.

Steven Bryant (University of Calgary) Michael Carney (Schlumberger) Charles Christopher (Partnering in Innovation, Inc.) Don DePaolo (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) Derek Elsworth (The Pennsylvania State University) Scott M. Frailey (Illinois Geologic Survey ) Kurt House (Phase Change Resources) Jean Roberts (Paris-Rocquencourt research center of INRIA ) 5 NCGC GSCO 2

6 Cockrell School of Engineering Jackson School of Geosciences

7 EAB Steve Bryant Michael Carney Charles Christopher Don DePaolo Derek Elsworth Scott Frailey Kurt House Jean Roberts THEME 1: FLUID-ASSISTED GEOMECHANICS Matt Balhoff, Tom Dewers P. Eichhubl, D. N. Espinoza, A. Ilgen, M. Martinez, P. Newell, M. Prodanovic, M. Wheeler, H. Yoon, N. Hayman C. Choens, S. Lee M. Aman, J. Major, Z. Sun, M. Mirabolghasemi, M. Shafiei THEME 2: MULTIFLUID GEOCHEMISTRY Anastasia Ilgen, Marc Hesse P. Bennett, B. Cardenas, R. Cygan, O. Ghattas, T. Larson, C. Tenney, C. Yang T. Ho, L. Wang, B. Wen K. Gilbert, E. Guiltinan, H. Christensen, C. Mcneece THEME 3: BUOYANCY- DRIVEN MULTIPHASE FLOW Tip Meckel, Mario Martinez B. Cardenas, D. DiCarlo, S. Hovorka, C. Huh, K. Johnston, Y. Wang, H. Yoon K. Chojnicki, A. Kucala, L. Trevisan, I. Kim X. Chen, C. Da, E. Guiltinan, P. Krishnamurthy, S. Senthinalthan, A. Worthen, Management Team Larry W. Lake – Director Grant Heffelfinger– Associate Director Susan Altman, Hilary Olson – Assistant Directors Administrative Associate Barb Messmore

Challenge 1 Challenge 2 Challenge 3 Sustaining large storage rates Using pore space with unprecedented efficiency Controlling undesired or unexpected behavior 8

9 Micro computed tomography for imaging of contact angles and fracture geometry Laser scanning confocal microscopy for imaging reactive transport at the pore scale Computed tomography for imaging multi-phase fluid flow through cores with or without nanoparticles High pressure and multiphase fluid delivery system for pore-scale flow experiments Geomechanical testing for acoustic and ultrasonic imaging of rock deformation Computed tomography for imaging multi-phase fluid flow through cores

10 Sierra Mechanics engineering analysis codes Sandia National Laboratories’ Super Computer Red Sky Molecular Dynamics Code LAMMPS IPARS

Core from Cranfield Pilot Test Bravo Dome Natural CO 2 Field Little Grand Wash Fault Zone Injection WellObs. Well 11

110 Publications 1209 Citations 42 Journals Impact Factor 4 publications 5.5 Impact Factor 11 publications 3.7 Impact Factor 6 publications4.5 Impact Factor Cover Article 6 publications 5 publications

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Meeting TypeFrequencyOrganizerAttendeesPurpose Research Activity As neededPIs Research Activity groups (PIs, post-docs, students) Discuss, present and evaluate current research or results and establish goals and objectives Theme Monthly (one per theme) Theme Lead Theme Leads, PIs, post- docs, students involved in each theme Discuss, present and evaluate current research or results Challenge Bi-Monthly Assistant Directors Directors, Theme Leads, and PIs Review how activities address one or more research challenges Management Bi-Monthly Assistant Directors Directors and Theme Leads Discuss administrative issues, technical progress, and ensure integration between themes GSPD Meeting (Grad Student/ Post-Doc) Monthly CFSES Post-Doc Grad Students/ Post- Docs from all 3 carbon storage EFRCs invited Graduate students/ post-docs present and discuss research activities, video- conference with Sandia/other EFRCs Annual Assistant Directors All CFSES members and External Advisory Board Review annual progress and obtain feedback and suggestions from board 14

Challenge 1: Sustaining Large Storage Rates Challenge 2: Using pore space with unprecedented efficiency Challenge 3: Controlling undesired or unexpected behavior Theme 1 Fluid-Assisted Geomechanics Chemo-mechanical coupling during fracture propagation Chemo-mechanical effects on reservoir rock weakening --- Coupled chemo-mechanical processes in shale caprock Theme 2: Multifluid Geochemistry --- Geochemistry at the fluid-fluid interface Reservoir dynamics of Bravo Dome natural CO 2 reservoir Reactions of CO 2 with clay minerals Theme 3: Buoyancy-Driven Multiphase Flow Multiphase flow and reactive transport at the pore scale --- CT high pressure CO 2 core flood experiments with and without nanoparticles Experimentally tested invasion percolation modeling of buoyancy driven flow 15

Challenge 1: Sustaining Large Storage Rates Challenge 2: Using pore space with unprecedented efficiency Challenge 3: Controlling undesired or unexpected behavior Theme 1 Fluid-Assisted Geomechanics --- Coupled chemo-mechanical processes in shale caprock 16 Introduction to Theme 1 and Geologic Carbon Storage and Fracture Fate: Chemistry, Heterogeneity, Models, and What to Do With It All Pressure and fluid-driven fracture propagation in porous media using an adaptive finite element phase field model Shale-brine-CO 2 interactions and the long-term stability of shale caprock Tom Dewers Anastasia Ilgen Sanghyun Lee Chemo-mechanical coupling during fracture propagation Chemo-mechanical effects on reservoir rock weakening

Challenge 1: Sustaining Large Storage Rates Challenge 2: Using pore space with unprecedented efficiency Challenge 3: Controlling undesired or unexpected behavior Theme 2: Multifluid Geochemistry --- Geochemistry at the fluid-fluid interface Reservoir dynamics of Bravo Dome natural CO 2 reservoir Reactions of CO 2 with clay minerals 17 Introduction to Theme 2 and Geochemistry at the fluid-fluid interface Anastasia Ilgen CO 2 Solubility: Competition for Water, Collapse of Structure and Attenuation of Thermal Agitation Kim Gilbert Reservoir Dynamics of Bravo Dome natural CO 2 reservoir Marc Hesse

Challenge 1: Sustaining Large Storage Rates Challenge 2: Using pore space with unprecedented efficiency Challenge 3: Controlling undesired or unexpected behavior Theme 3: Buoyancy- Driven Multiphase Flow Multiphase flow and reactive transport at the pore scale --- CT high pressure CO 2 core flood experiments with and without nanoparticles Experimentally tested invasion percolation modeling of buoyancy driven flow 18 Introduction to Theme 3 and Multiphase flow and transport: pore to single fracture scale Mario Martinez Controlling flow of CO 2 using surface-treated nanoparticles David DiCarlo Experimentally tested invasion percolation modeling of buoyancy- driven flow Tip Meckel

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