World War I and South Carolina What role did South Carolina play with its involvement in World War I?

Standard Explain the reasons for the United States involvement in World War I and the war’s impact on South Carolina and the nation as a whole, including the building of new military bases and the economic impact of emigration to industrial jobs in the north.

What was the US’s policy at the beginning of WWI? President Wilson issues a proclamation of neutrality…U.S. will stay out of the war. This is difficult – rise of immigrants

Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Turkey

Allied Powers Russia England France Italy United States (joined in 1917)

So what got us involved? The U.S. remained neutral for the first 3 years of the war. 1. Germany is blockaded by Great Britain, limiting American trade American businesses make loans to the Allies in order to continue trade American’s opinion – still feel connected to Britain (traditional connection)

2. Germany also sinks the British passenger ship, the Lusitania in 1915, with U-boats The ship was carrying 100 American passengers. Wilson didn’t like that innocent people died. American’s public opinion on them changed

Lusitania

A German U-Boat

The Lusitania Sunk

The last straw: interception of the 3. Zimmerman Telegram. Intercepted by Britain. Was to Mexico from Germany German support for a Mexican attack in the U.S. southwest. This upsets American’s

The Zimmerman Telegraph

Russian revolution – monarchy to republic – Wilson can consider allying because they’re democratic

WWI Recruiting Poster

What effect does WWI have on South Carolinians? Renewal of Patriotism Both white and African Americans Signing up for draft Conserving food / fuel for the front Contributing to bond drives Serve in the American Expeditionary Force with distinction Wartime activities remain segregated

How do South Carolinians feel towards Germany? Reflects the national opinion Shutdown German language newspaper (Charleston) Changed the name of Hamburg to North Augusta Many SC opposed war – voices silenced by Sedition Act

What new military bases are built in SC? Fort Jackson – Located in Columbia which transformed a barren farm into the largest military base in the state. Army Parris Island - Located in Beaufort. Marines were trained to fight in WWI. Charleston Naval Yard – Located in Charleston, this naval yard built and repaired ships for the war effort. Navy Camp Sevier- Located in Greenville County, near Taylors, US Army National Guard training and mobilization Camp Wadsworth- Located in Spartanburg, US Army mobilization and training

Fort Jackson Charleston Naval Yard Parris Island

Place SC’s 5 military bases on the map.

How did the war effect SC’s economy? Benefits Federal money to the state, stimulating the local economy Crops in high demand- increased prices Especially cotton Also sharecroppers and tenant farmers

End of War – November 11, 1918 America’s military - deflect the last push of the Germans on the Western Front in France Ends fighting between the Allies and the Central Powers An armistice is signed

What effect does WWI have on African Americans in SC? Many African Americans are drawn to jobs for war industries in the north African Americans found a degree of independence, community, economic opportunity Allowed their culture to flourish.

Proved patriotism Use service in the war to demand equal treatment under law Demands met with hostility Many are lynched (some still in uniforms) – the year after the war ended.

Convention meets in Charleston Protest Jim Crow Voting restrictions Improve schools Race riot­– white attack on African Americans (3 died) Similar occurrences through the U.S.

Standard Explain the causes and effects of changes in South Carolina and the nation as a whole in the 1920s, including Prohibition, the destruction caused by the boll weevil, the rise of mass media, improvements in daily life, increases in tourism and recreation, the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, and the contributions of South Carolinians to the Harlem Renaissance and the Southern Literary Renaissance.

What were the Roaring 20s? Name for the 1920s Time of economic growth in America Electricity and automobiles change daily life for people in urban areas Excitement

What came from the 1920s? Flappers Music Dance crazes The Charleston (which did not originate in Charleston) The Big Apple (which did) The Big Apple Dance

Dance Craze

Were the 20’s roaring on SC farms? At first Led to overproduction (again) Prices drop- again Boll Weevil eats SC’s cotton plants Dire conditions on SC farms New technology not available for rural areas

New technologies – improvement in urban life People move to suburbs, outside of cities (like Columbia) Not much change for farmers however How did society change in the 1920’s?

How did technology improve people’s lives? Trolley systems and automobiles – make travel easier Electricity – towns / cities (not rural) Appliances- cooking, cleaning, etc… changed dramatically Media- radio

1910 Ford T

What effect does the automobile have on South Carolina? Tourism Charleston Hotels Begin the National Historic Preservation Movement Promoted development along the coast

What makes SC a desirable tourist attraction? The climate Culture of the Old South Preserved in the homes and buildings Majestic / stately buildings Bygone era (older time)

What is prohibition? Illegalization of alcohol Fails in SC and the US Leads to an increase in crime / corruption In SC, Blue Laws are strictly enforced

How did mass media affect SC? First SC radio Station entertainment and news for those that could afford it Radio Advertisement Radios and movies help bring culture into the nations eyes (Nationalize)

What was the Southern Literary Renaissance? South Carolina criticized as a cultural wasteland Artists in SC want to celebrate SC heritage Julia Peterkin (Pulitzer Prize for Literature) DuBose Heyward (wrote Porgy – later becomes opera Porgy and Bess)

What was the Harlem Renaissance? Surge of African American artists, authors, and musicians Result of Great Migration Celebrated African American culture and experience

Who were the influential people of the Harlem Renaissance? Writers– James Weldon Johnson and Langston Hughes celebrate ties to African cultural traditions and the positions of them in American life Artists- William H. Johnson canvas, vibrant color Florence, SC captured dance halls, jazz bands, and the emotions of the era

Going to Church - Johnson

Street Musicians - Johnson

What leads to a resurgence of the KKK? The Birth of a Nation, 1915 movie – depicts the Klan as positive redeemers of reconstruction era Saviors, and using racist stereotypes Stirs up racist thoughts

Who does the Klan begin to target? Immigrants (anti-immigrant legislation 1920) Radicals Catholics Bootleggers Gamblers Saw themselves as Moral Regulators