Civil Rights Era Do Now: What difficulties/inequalities have African- Americans faced since the Civil War/Reconstruction time period?

Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Era What was the major goal of the Civil Rights Movement? End segregation based upon race

Why did the Civil Rights movement take place during the 1950's? Over 700,000 African-Americans WWII Veterans Fought to preserve freedom abroad, inconsistent w/ treatment at home FDR prohibited discrimination in federal agencies; Truman desegregated Army

2 Types of Segregation de Facto Segregationde Jure Segregation -Exist in practice and custom -More prevalent in North -By law -More prevalent in south -Ex. Jim Crow Laws

CIVIL RIGHTS 1950S

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, 1954 Issue: Is segregation based upon race in schools constitutional? Decision: Supreme Court  UNCONSTITUTIONAL (violates 14 th amendment: equal protection of the law) Chief Justice Earl Warren  "separate but equal" in education is NOT EQUAL Impact: Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) States must end “de Jure” segregation Schools and communities protest and refuse (KKK influence) Eisenhower disagrees, but sends troops to enforce when necessary

The Clark Doll Experiment Proved that separating races creates a feeling of inferiority

Little Rock  Governor of Arkansas orders the National Guard to turn away 9 African American students from attending white school African-American students from Little Rock Central High School (Little Rock 9) President Eisenhower, as commander-in-chief, sends 1,000 Fed. troops and takes control of the 10,000 soldiers in the Arkansas National Guard; sends them to make sure students are allowed to enter school

Non-Violence: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. - Main leader of Civil Rights Movement - Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey certain laws in an effort to change gov't policy; passive resistance or other nonviolent means - Appeals to Empathy

MLK March on Washington & “I Have a Dream Speech” (1963)  250,000 protest to demand Civil Rights Bill be passed by Congress

MLK Assassination 1968 April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee MLK was shot and killed by James Earl Ray 125 cities exploded in violence; worst urban rioting in U.S. history

Do Now: Define the following: 1) Brown vs. Board of Education 2) Little Rock 9 3) de Facto vs. de Jure segregation 4) Civil Disobedience

How to create change? Non-Violence vs. Militancy

Militancy Malcolm X Member of Nation of Islam; preached black separatism Push to change “slave” name At first didn't want white support, but after a pilgrimage changed his mind Assassinated for breaking with Nation of Islam

Non-Violence vs. Militancy Change required both approaches. MLK appealed to the empathy of whites, while Malcom X made white America realize they must work with MLK or face the alternative of more violent change. How do they reflect the beliefs of W.E.B. Du Bois & Booker T. Washington?

Actions for Civil Rights

Rosa Parks - Secretary of NAACP - Refused to move her bus seat for white male - Pre-planned and not first activist to refuse to give up seat - Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Montgomery Bus Boycott Led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr  1 st National Exposure - - African Americans in Montgomery, AL do not use bus service for a full year Results: - De-segregation of public buses in Montgomery

Freedom Riders - Civil Rights activists who rode buses throughout the South to challenge segregated bus routes - Were often attacked and harassed - White Freedom Riders treated worst

Militant Civil Rights Groups Black Panthers: Black Power Movement Inspired by Malcolm X Fight police brutality in ghettos, preached armed self defense Established: day-care centers, free breakfast programs etc. for people in the ghetto

Victories of the Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination because of race, religion, and gender ALL citizens can enter public libraries, parks, bathrooms, restaurants, etc. Importance: states have to de-segregate all public facilities; states could no longer hide behind “reserved powers” Southern senators filibustered the bill for over 50 days NO MORE JIM CROW LAWS

Civil Rights Victories Voting Rights Act of the Act prohibited states from imposing any "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure... to deny the right of any citizen of the U.S. to vote on account of race or color." Eliminated literacy test 24th Amendment (1964) eliminated poll taxes

Civil Rights Victories Effects on Democratic Party: - President Johnson, a Southern Democrat, signed Civil Rights & Voting Acts into law. This would anger Southern Democrats and begin the end of the dominance of the Democratic Party over the South. - Republicans will adopt Southern Strategy (using racial issues to get working class white votes)