Tuberculosis: Causative Agent: caused by bacterial infection, named as Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mode of Spread: Air borne disease, so can be spread by coming in contact with the person having TB through coughing, sneezing. Symptoms: Treatment: » Front line Therapy: Isoniazide, Ethambutaol, Pyrizinamide, Rifampicin » Second line Therapy: Amikacin, Ciprofloxacine, Clarithromycin » DOT Therapy… Prevention: TB Vaccination as well as keep healthy habits like covering the nose and mouth while sneezing, coughing, etc. CoughRapid Pulse FatigueFever Loss of weightAnorexia (loss of appetite)

Malaria: Causative Organism: Plasmodium species Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale & Plasmodium malariae Vector: Female Anopheles mosquitoes Malarial Cycle: Mosquito bite Sporozoites enters to Blood RBCLiver Merozoites Gametogony Zygote Oocysts Sporozoites

Malaria: ( Continue… ) Clinical Symptoms: Chills Fever Sweating Treatment: Chloroquine, Quinine, Qinghausu (Artemisin), Mepacrine, Proguanil Prevention: Control breeding mosquitoes Destruction of mosquitoes Prevent mosquitoes bites

Venereal Diseases:- Syphilis: Causative organism: Treponema pallidum Spread: Through contact of genital organs Four stages of Disease: 1. First stage: Time: 2 – 6 weeks; Painless had sore called “ Chancre ” on genital organs 2. Secondary Stage: Time : 6 weeks to 6 months; Discomfort, fever and generalized lesions of skin mucous membranes. 3. Tertiary Stage: Time: after 2-3 years; Visceral organs like heart and aorta are affected. 4. Quaternary Stage: Time: after 20 – 30 years; Involves CNS, can leads to paralysis, blindness and death. Treatment: Penicillin

Venereal Diseases:- Gonorrhoea: Causative Organism: Neisseria gonococci Symptoms: Pain and burning in urination Yellowish vaginal discharge (in Female) Inflammation in Uterus, Fallopian tubes (Female) & Testis and seminal vesicles (Male) Sterility In Later stage, Septicaemia Fever, Chills & discomfort Endocarditis, Meningitis, Arthritis Treatment: Penicillin, Ampicillin, Chlorithrymycin Prevention:

Venereal Diseases:- AIDS: A cquired I mmuno D eficiency S yndrome Causative Organism: H IV ( Human Immuno deficiency Virus ) Spread: Symptoms: Treatment: Zidovudine (NRTI) Lamivudine (NRTI) Stavudine (NRTI) Efavirenz (NNRTI) Saquinavir (Protease inhibitor ) Enfuvirtide (Panetration inhibitor) HAART

Venereal Disease:- AIDS: Diagnosis: CD4+ Count (T H -cell level - Decreases) ELISA Western Blot technique Prevention: Avoid sexual contact with persons known or suspected of having AIDS Avoid sex with multiple partners Physicians must order blood transfusion for patients only when medically necessary Blood products should be checked for presence of HIV If possible, IV administration of drug should be avoided Don’t share needles Use of some safety tools for safe sex (Ex. Condoms)

Leprosy ( Hansen's disease ): Causative organism: Mycobacterium leprae Spread: Through contact of infected part or by the Flies Symptoms: Non-nodular/Non-Lepromatous: »Anaesthetic type and non-infective Nodular/Lepromatous: »Nodular and infective » First Stage: Skin sensation become dull, formation of anaesthetic patches » Second Stage: Skin become thick because of bacterial multiplication and shows wrinkles; ear get swollen; nodule formation surrounding nose and throat (Nodules discharge the fluid which is highly infectious) » Third Stage: Bacteria come outside, enters to periphery, proliferate which finally deformities hand, feet and toes.

Treatment of Leprosy: Dapsone Clofazimine Rifampicin MDT (Multi Drug Therapy) Chaulmoogra oil ( Hydnocarpus wightiana - herbal remedy )

Tetanus: Caused By: Clostidium tetani Spread: Bacteria enters in body through Wounds Symptoms: Bacteria enters in CNS Causes tonic convulsions, Spasm of neck muscles, Opisthotonus (severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position) First Aid: Clean the wound with Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) Passive vaccination: Anti-Tetanus Serum (ATS) If person got injury from dust, glass, rusted metal, rat bite – take Tetanus toxoids