Subjunctive Mood Verbs 2015

What Is the Subjunctive Mood? You’ve already learned 2 moods of Latin verbs: 1. the indicative mood, used for statements of fact and asking questions 2. the imperative mood, used for commands

Subjunctive Mood The subjunctive mood gives more of the speaker’s or writer’s opinion or attitude toward the truth of a statement. It can be used independently, as a main verb. It’s often used in dependent clauses, too.

There is no such thing as the future or future perfect subjunctive. Subjunctive Tenses We’ve learned 6 tenses of Latin verbs. The subjunctive only has 4 tenses! It also has active/passive voice. Tenses: Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect There is no such thing as the future or future perfect subjunctive.

Present Tense Subjunctive The present tense subjunctive uses the same personal endings as regular verbs (swap out “m” for “o” in 1st person singular): ACTIVE VOICE: PASSIVE VOICE: M -MUS -R -MUR S -TIS -RIS -MINI T -NT -TUR -NTUR

Present Tense Subjunctive Since present tense subjunctive uses the same personal endings, something else has to change to make it different from regular present tense. It’s all in the VOWELS!

Pick Your Mnemonic Device: We Beat A Liar She Wears A Tiara The Beans At Brian’s Let’s Eat Caviar! She Reads A Diary -E- -EA- -A- -IA-

1st Conjugation: “A” changes to “E” amo, amare amo amamus amem amemus amas amatis ames ametis amat amant amet ament SUBJUNCTIVE!

2nd Conjugation: “E” changes to “EA” moneo, monere moneo monemus moneam moneamus mones monetis moneas moneatis monet monent moneat moneant SUBJUNCTIVE!

3rd Conjugation: “E” changes to “A” rego, regere rego regimus regam regamus regis regitis regas regatis regit regunt regat regant SUBJUNCTIVE!

4th Conjugation: “I” changes to “IA” munio, munire munio munimus muniam muniamus munis munitis munias muniatis munit muniunt muniat muniant SUBJUNCTIVE!

So…what does it do? A common independent use of the present subjunctive is for something called the volitive subjunctive. (remember “volo” for “wish/want”?) It expresses the speakers wish, or desire, that something be done.

Volitive Subjunctive Let them prepare dinner. OR They should prepare dinner. Cenam parent. (paro, parare: prepare) Let’s/let us explore the forest. Silvam exploremus. (exploro, explorare) Ne silvam exploremus. Let’s not explore the forest.

Volitive Subjunctive The volitive subjunctive is translated by “let” or sometimes “should.” The negative is “ne” (not “non”). It works as a main verb. Other names for volitive: hortatory (for 1st person plural “let’s…”), jussive (from “iubeo: to order”)

Practice! Write the present tense subjunctive charts for the following verbs: porto, portare (use ‘e’) doceo, docere (use ‘ea’) pono, ponere (use ‘a’) audio, audire (use ‘ia’)

Imperfect Tense Subjunctive Imperfect Subjunctive is VERY easy to make! Simply add the personal endings directly onto the 2nd principal part (the infinitive). Do NOT drop the –re. porto, portare, portavi, portatus portarem portaremus portares portaretis portaret portarent You can also use passive voice r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur.

Perfect Tense Subjunctive Perfect Active: drop the –i to find the stem: porto, portare, portavi, portatus: PORTAV- Then add: portaverim portaverimus portaveris portaveritis portaverit portaverint N.B.: This looks very similar to future perfect tense (indicative), except for the –erim.

Perfect Tense Subjunctive Perfect Passive: 4th principal part followed by the present subjunctive of “sum.” portatus sim portati simus portatus sis portati sitis portatus sit portati sint

Pluperfect Subjunctive Active Voice: Add –sse- then the personal ending to the 3rd principal part: portavissem portavissemus portavisses portavissetis portavisset portavissent

Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive Voice: 4th principal part followed by the imperfect subjunctive of “sum”: portatus essem portati essemus portatus esses portati essetis portatus esset portati essent

Practice! Conjugate doceo, docere, docui, doctus in all 4 subjunctive tenses, active and passive.

Other Subjunctive Uses Optative subjunctive: expresses a wish Optatives are often introduced with utinam: “oh, if only…” or “if only…” Use “ne” instead of “non” to make it negative Present: use “may” Imperfect: use “might” Pluperfect: use “had”

Optative Subjunctive Utinam puella matrem amet. If only the girl may love her mother. (Utinam) puella matrem amaret. If only the girl might love her mother. (Utinam) puella matrem amavisset. If only the girl had loved her mother.

Deliberative Subjunctive A sentence in which something is being considered or deliberated. The negative uses “non” (not “ne”). Present subjunctive: “Am I to..”, “Are you to…” etc. Imperfect subjunctive: “Was I to…”, “Were you to…” etc.

Deliberative Subjunctive Amem matrem? Am I to love my mother? Puella matrem amet? Is the girl to love her mother? Amarem matrem? Was I to love my mother? Puella matrem non amaret? Was the girl not to love her mother?

Potential Subjunctive A sentence which expresses the opinion of the speaker as an opinion. “Non” makes it negative. Present: should Imperfect: would have, might have, could have

Potential Subjunctive Quid facerem? What could I have done? Urbem deleri nolim. I would not like the city to be destroyed.