WWI- The Great Industrial War WWI- The Great Industrial War

Causes: Remember MAIN?  Militarism  Alliances  Imperialism  Nationalism

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: Britain, France and Russia Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers in millions of £s (pounds) Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe Majority of Slavs lived in Russia. Balkan Slavs relied on Russian support Bosnia being under AH control. Nationalism leads to July Crisis (assassination) Mobilization – the process of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war. Alliances lead to WWI

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand  Archduke on diplomatic visit in Sarajevo.  Attempts were made on his life: – Bomb explodes near car (5 Serbian conspirators: Princip one of them)  Gavrilo Princip- Serbrian Nationalist – Missed opportunity to attack Princip stands near Moritz Schiller’s Café. – Driver of Archduke takes wrong turn right in front of the café! Driver attempts to back up to redirect, engine stalls, Princip takes opportunity BANG BANG

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

The Schlieffen (SHLEE-fun) Plan  German war leaders felt in order to win they must pursue the offensive and catch French before they set a defensive and before Russia can mobilize forces  Germany expected Belgium to “step aside” as they move toward France, however resistance was met slowing them long enough for France to respond  Not effective and establishes the “Western Front” of WWI

Mobilization  Nations begin mobilizing military  Drafts enabled, war time spending increases  Propaganda posters to recruit/bonds/defame enemies/etc  First major technological/modern war! Were told they’d be home by Christmas

Women and the Great War  Women around the World were involved in forms of recruitment and munitions  Factories and production (Germany/France)  Agricultural production  Medical and recovery (Red Cross/Auxiliary Corps/Ambulances)  Spies: “Mata Hari” of Germany. – (Real Name): Margaretha Gertruide Zelle  In Russia women could be soldiers! !

A Multi-Front War *Germany had to fight from both the East (Russia/Ottomans) & West (France)

Industrial War  Great War: First major war in 50 years and first industrial/modern tech war  Airplanes  U-Boats (Submarines)  Tanks  Rapid fire machine guns  Gas: Dense, settled in trenches.  Trench Warfare: “No Man’s Land”

Major Battles  Battle of Verdun: Feb 1916 – German offensive near French/German border: 500,000 dead on each side  Battle of Somme: July 1916 – Near northern France/English channel: – 60,000 Brits – Over million in 5 months!

Colonial Wars  Truly global war: Colonial holdings involved as alliances were made and resources were necessary  Palestine and Arabia: Arab Revolt of (Meant to disrupt Ottomans and keep them from fully supporting Germany) – Lawrence of Arabia (T.E. Lawrence) – Gathered support from various Arab tribes to resist Ottoman rule; Would lead to their eventual downfall  Movements in Africa/Greece  Mobilized in India (Sepoys)

Russia Leaves War/America Joins  Lenin’s Communist Revolution leads to Russia pulling out of WWI – Treaty of Brest-Litvosk with Germany on March 3, 1918 – Gave land to Germany as part of the deal  Americans join the war: April 6 th, 1917 – Unrestricted submarine warfare – Sinking of the Lusitania – Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico – Draft initiated: “Dough-boys”

Treaty of Versailles  Signed June 28 th, 1919: Officially ended WWI  Two options presented: – 14 Points (President Wilson)= Less harsh – Treaty of Versailles (allied powers)= Very harsh  ToV would be chosen with only the League of Nations being added from Wilson’s 14 Points: USA does not join  German see as “unequal treaty” and would play a major factor in the origins of WWII – War guilt clause= Germany had to take blame for starting war – Reduced military/expendititure – Rhineland (major economic/industrial zone) occupied by the Allies powers – Major war reparations cause inflation/depression (deutschemark valueless!)

World War I Casualties