T F d O ε α E Φ R R cos(Φ) R sin(Φ) α=f(E, Φ) ε=g(E, Φ) Figure 7-1

Figure 7-2

Figure 7-3 α0α0 R L r c planar sound wave α0α0 rα 0 r sinα 0 α0α0

Figure 7-4 Left Cochlea Right Cochlea AVCN AN MSO AVCN AN mammalian ILD pathway midline SBC C

Figure 7-5 Interaural Time Delay [μs] A B Percent of Maximum Firing Rate [Hz] 500 Hz 650 Hz 800 Hz 950 Hz 1100 Hz 1250 Hz 1400 Hz 1700 Hz Noise Tones

Spike-time dependent Hebbian Learning t (ms) WL(t) A B C decrease increase post: 2 kHz post: 5 kHz pre-training Figure 7-6

Figure 7-7 hu human gerbil Interaural Phase Difference (cycles) Frequency (kHz) physiological range human: ΔIPD ~ ±0.75 ⋅ f gerbil: ΔIPD ~ ±0.11 ⋅ f ΔIPD

Figure 7-8 R MSO R L midline to MSO L ipsi contra from NTB L Excit. Inhib. 0 physiological range Interaural Time Difference L R

Figure 7-9 HSE (dB) Azimuth (deg) Far Ear Near Ear

Figure 7-10 incident wave scattered wave sphere shadow

Figure 7-11

Figure 7-12 Left Cochlea Right Cochlea AVCN AN MNTB LSO AVCN AN mammalian ILD pathway midline _ + ILD GBC SBC

Figure 7-13 x y R L α h h S αRαR αLαL d dRdR dLdL 2 r

Figure 7-14 A B path 1 direct path 2 direct path 3 direct path 1 reflected path 2 reflected path 3 reflected path 4 direct path 4 reflected

Amplitude (dB) Elevation (deg) Frequency (kHz) low elevation high elevation ear canal Figure 7-15

Figure Frequency [kHz] [dB] Elevation [deg] HRTFs calculated with FDTD method

Figure 7-17

Figure 7-18 Type IV Type II Wide Band BF HF LF To IC _ _ _ Type II Wide-Band BF LF HF High Level Low Level Activity Type IV frequency

Figure 7-19 r=1 r=0.5 r=0

ε=0 ε=20 ε=40 ε=60 ε=80 ε=90 ε=-20 ε=-40 dε dα Figure 7-20

Figure 7-21 S r direct reflected ΔT 1 reflected ΔT 2 reflected ΔT 3 reflected ΔT n r 11 r 12 L w()