The Transformation of Europe ( )

A. Changing Balance of Power 1.The Church: “Reformations” 2.The Mind: Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment 3.The Economy: Mercantilism 4.Politics: “Absolute” Monarchs 5.The State: Rise of Nationalism

B. Corruption: 1. simony – the sale of Church offices 2. indulgences – buying away sins “The moment the coin tinkles in the collecting box, a soul flies out of Purgatory” 3. Pope Leo X increases indulgences to build St. Peter’s Basilica 4. Moral abuses: about 1/5 of all priests kept concubines

Saint Peter’s Basilica (constructed )

C. Martin Luther “Help me Saint Anne, I will become a monk!” 1. Nails 95 Theses or reasons why he feels the church is corrupt… 2.“faith, not good works, was the key to salvation” 3.Romans I:17 “The just shall live by faith” 4.Pope not head of Church

5. June 15, 1520 Luther excommunicated & declared a heretic 6. Summoned to town of Worms (Diet of Worms) “I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience.” -Martin Luther Pope Leo X

Luther tosses the Papal Bull (excommunication papers) into a fire at Wittenberg: Luther defends himself at the Diet of Worms:

D. Outcome of Worms: 1.Luther’s condemned by Catholic Church & declared outlaw 2.German princes hide Luther 3.translated New Testament into German 4.peasants assumed Luther’s also meant political freedom & revolted (1525) 5.Lutheranism spreads quickly in Germany (forbade games, dancing, & fun; encouraged hard labor) 6.Wars of religion through Europe

Protestant Reformation spreads: 1. Ulrich Zwingli (Switzerland): --literal interpretation of Bible 2. John Calvin (France): --idea of predestination (an “elect” was already chosen by God to be saved…) 3. Henry VII (England): --Church of England

E. Counter Reformation (or Catholic Reformation) The Church enacts the following: I.Creates Jesuits (founded by Ignatius of Loyola) II.The Church reforms the role of the pope (no more dealings with finances or Italian political affairs) III.Creates the Council of Trent

Council of Trent 1. met in three major sessions from reaffirmed Catholic beliefs & rituals 3.ONLY the Church can interpret Scripture 4. faith & good works; purgatory real & indulgences o.k…. 5. created Baroque style of art & music

Religions in Europe ca. 1560

Do the religious differences between Europeans resemble religious conflicts in other major world religions? --Sunni & Shi’ia in Islam --split in Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana, Zen) --Confucianism & Buddhism in China

F. Witch Hunts 1.“Witch Craze” 16 th -17 th c. linked to social upheaval, tensions, rural-urban disparities 2.more than 100,000 accused, at least 1/3 burned at stake 3.75%-85% were women

G. The Scientific Revolution Key thinkers: 1.Copernicus ( ): sun at center of Heavens 2.Tycho Brahe ( ) & asst. Johannes Kepler: --planets move in elliptical orbits 3.Galileo Galilei ( ): telescope 4. Sir Issac Newton: 3 Laws of Motion

Realm of Ideas … 1.New concept of universe challenged classical thinkers, biblical authorities 2.Galileo condemned by Roman Inquisition in 1616; forced to recant views 3.printed books helped spread ideas

Discuss the ways in which the Renaissance, Reformation, & Enlightenment had an impact on the political organization of Europe. All invoked changes in popular mentality that affected political organization Northern Renaissance - attacked authority of church, allowed state to control church, increase in ceremony, & greater interest in military conquest & exploration Reformation – concept of shared authority, Protestant regions more likely to have parliamentary govt., seize church possessions Enlightenment – ability of state to benefit all citizens, concept of improvement & progress, enlightened despotism, development of more centralized governments w/ more power.

Pre-Write Change1. 2 facts 2. analysis sentence Continuity1. 2 facts 2. analysis sentence Global Context 1. 2 facts 2. analysis sentence