HISTORY OF MODERN COMPUTER AGES OF COMPUTER FIVE GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

AGES OF COMPUTER 1642 BLAISE PASCAL’S PASCALINE 1671 LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR 3000 BC THE ABACUS 1623 WILHELM’S MECHANICAL CALCULATOR 1804 JACQUARD’S PUNCH CARD LOOM 1820 CHARLES XAVIER’S AIRTHMOMETER

AGES OF COMPUTER 1822 CHARLES BABBAGE’S the DIFFERENCE ENGINE ANALYTICAL ENGINE 1872 UNIVERSAL KEYBOARD 1936 Atanasoff–Berry Computer(ABC) 1937 ALAN TURING’S TURING MACHINE 1941 Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer(ENIAC)

AGES OF COMPUTER 1943 COLOSSUS 1944 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC ) 1947 THE TRANSISTOR 1948 SMALL SCALE EXPERIMENTAL MACHINE

AGES OF COMPUTER 1951 UNIVAC 1952 IBM CORD developed Electron Computer 1953 First Intermediate sized computer 1973 INTERNET and Transmission Control Protocols(TCP) 1981 IBM introduced first MICRO COMPUTER

AGES OF COMPUTER 1982 EPSON 1984 MEMO COMPUTER 1987 IBM introduced Video Graphics Array(VGA) 1988 DESKTOP COMPUTER 1990 POWERPOINT first appeared in MICROSOFT WORD 2005 LAPTOP COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION (1945 – 1956) Main processing device : VACUUM TUBES Inviter : LEE DE FOREST KEY FEATURES: Characterized by the use of VACUUM TUBES. First generation computers relied on MACHINE LANGUAGE. Input was based on PUNCHED CARDS and paper tape, and output was displayed on PRINTOUTS.

FIRST GENERATION ENIAC UNIVAC I Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly for the U.S. Army to calculate ballistic tables. ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors ENIAC consumed almost 200 KW of power. ENIAC did not run from a stored program, but was programmed using patch cords. ENIAC was completed in 1946, and was operated until 1955.. UNIVAC I It was designed by Remington rand. The UNIVAC was the first computer designed for commercial sale. The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed 29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power. It could perform 90,000 transactions per month UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabets characters equally well

FIRST GENERATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Vacuum tubes were the only electronic components available during those days. Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital computers. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They could perform computations in milliseconds. DISADVANTAGES Too bulky in size. Unreliable. Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and burnt out frequently Air conditioning required. Constant maintenance required. Not portable. Commercial production was difficult and costly.

THE SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1964) Main Processing Device: TRANSISTORS Storage Media: MAGNETIC DISK KEY FEATURES: Second generation computers employed a new technological innovation: THE TRANSISTOR Transistors had numerous advantages over vacuum tubes: they were smaller, cheaper, and gave off less heat  Second generation computers used magnetic cores as their primary memory Programming Languages: Assembly Language COBOL(1959) FORTRAN(1957) These computers gave users a significant increase in available memory (about 20x) Calculation speeds also increased First operating system developed

SECOND GENERATION IBM 7030(aka Stretch) IBM system 360 The first transistorized supercomputer IBM system 360 It consisted of 6 processors and 40 peripheral units.

SECOND GENERATION ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES : Smaller in size. More reliable. Less heat generated. Reduced computational time from milliseconds to microseconds. Less prone to hardware failures. Wider commercial use. DISADVANTAGES : 1.Air conditioning required. 2.Frequent maintenance required.

THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1964-1971) Main Processing Device: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS(ICs) Initiated by: JACK KILBY and ROBERT NOYCE Data Storage: MICROCHIPS KEY FEATURES: Integrated Circuits replaced transistors Semiconductor memories: (ROMs) (RAMs) Introduction of Microprogramming A variety of techniques: Parallel Processing Multiprocessing OS allowed the machines to run many applications

THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER CDC 7600 IBM 360/91

THE THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER ADVANTAGES: Smaller in size Even more reliable Lower heat generated than second generation computers Reduced computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds Maintenance cost is low Less power requirement than previous generation computers Commercial production was easier and cheaper. DISADVANTAGES: Air-conditioning required in many cases. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of IC chips.

FOURTH GENERATION (1971– present) Main processing device : ICs with VLSI(Very Large Scale Integration) Storage media : Floppies, CDs. Inviter : Ted Hoff KEY FEATURES: Marcian Hoff invented the microprocessor. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971. Apple, a personal computer company founded in 1976 by Steven Jobs and Steve Wozniak. 1971, Pascal (programming language). Development of GUI’s, the mouse handheld devices.

FOURTH GENERATION Microprocessor Intel 4004

FOURTH GENERATION ADVANTAGES Smallest in size because of high component density. Very reliable. Heat generated is negligible. No air conditioning required in most cases. Much faster in computation than previous generations. Easily portable because of their small size. Cheapest among all generations. DISADVANTAGE Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacture of LSI chips

FIFTH GENERATION Period : PRESENT AND BEYOND Main processing device : ICS WITH PARALLEL PROCESSING Artificial Intelligence: Game playing Expert Systems Natural language Neural networks Robotics KEY FEATURES: Used in parallel processing Used superconductors Used in speech recognition Used in intelligent robots Used in artificial intelligence

FIFTH GENERATION CHARACTERISTICS They will use super large scale integrated chips. They will have artificial intelligence. They will be able to recognize image and graphs They  aim to be able to solve highly complex problem including decision making, logical reasoning. They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed. Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.

Presentation by: Aiman Mursalin Fazeela Hayat Ahmed Syeda Samia Bukhari Solat Jabeen Sheikh Zil e Huma Jawed