PEOPLE MAY HEAR YOUR WORDS, BUT THEY FEEL YOUR ATTITUDE. - JOHN MAXWELL -

STATES OF MATTER MATTER CAN EXIST IN FOUR (4) STATES, DEPENDING ON THE TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. - SOLID - LIQUID - GAS - PLASMA

GAS PARTICLES IN A GAS ARE WELL SEPARATED WITH NO REGULAR ARRANGEMENT. PARTICLES IN A GAS VIBRATE AND MOVE FREELY AT HIGH SPEEDS.

GAS Assumes the shape and volume of its container – no fixed volume or shape particles can move past one another Compressible lots of free space between particles Flows easily particles can move past one another

LIQUID PARTICLES IN A LIQID ARE CLOSE TOGETHER WITH NO REGULAR ARRANGEMENT. PARTICLES IN A LIQUID VIBRATE, MOVE ABOUT, AND SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER.

LIQUIDS Assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies – fixed volume, but no fixed shape particles can move/slide past one another Not easily compressible little free space between particles Flows easily particles can move/slide past one another

SOLIDS PARTICLES ARE TIGHTLY PACKED, USUALLY IN A REGULAR PATTERN. PARTICLES IN A SOLID VIBRATE ABOUT FIXED POINTS.

SOLIDS Retain a fixed volume and shape rigid - particles locked into place Not easily compressible little free space between particles Does not flow easily rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SOLIDS: CRYSTALLINE – PARTICLES ARE IN A REGULAR PATTERN AMORPHOUS – PARTICLES ARE NOT IN A REGULAR PATTERN CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS HAVE VERY SHARP, DEFINITE MELTING POINTS. ONE TYPE OF AMORPHOUS SOLID IS A GLASS. A GLASS DOES NOT HAVE A DEFINITE MELTING POINT, BUT MELTS OVER A RANGE.

TEMPERATURE IS RELATED TO THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PARTICLES. AS YOU INCREASE THE TEMPERATURE OF A SOLID, THE PARTICLES VIBRATE MORE AND MORE ABOUT FIXED POINTS. THEY EVENTUALLY REACH A POINT WHERE THEY CAN BREAK OUT OF THE STRUCTURE THAT THEY ARE IN, AND MELTING OCCURS. MELTING POINT – TEMPERATURE AT WHICH THE SOLID BECOMES A LIQUID.

IN A LIQUID, THE PARTICLES STILL HAVE ENOUGH OF AN ATTRACTION FOR EACH OTHER THE THEY ARE CLOSE TOGETHER. AS MORE HEAT IS ADDED, AND THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES, THE PARTICLES GAIN MORE KINETIC ENERGY. EVENTUALLY, THEY GAIN ENOUGH KINETIC ENERGY THAT BOILING OCCURS. THE BOILING POINT IS WHERE THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF THE LIQUID EQUALS THE EXTERNAL PRESSURE. BUBBLES OF GAS CAN FORM IN THE INTERIOR OF THE LIQUID.

AS HEAT IS ADDED, THE KINETIC ENERGY OF THE PARTICLES INCREASES, AND THE TEMPERATURE OF THE GAS INCREASES. IF YOU ADD ENOUGH KINETIC ENERGY, THE ELECTRONS COULD BE STRIPPED FROM THE NUCLEI AND YOU WOULD HAVE A SOUP OF NUCLEI AND ELECTRONS – A PLASMA. THE SUN IS MADE OF A PLASMA.

A PHASE DIAGRAM SHOWS THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERTURE AND PRESSURE ON THE STATE OF A SUBSTANCE IN A CLOSED CONTAINER.

LOW TEMPERATURES AND HIGH PRESSURES FAVOR THE FORMATION OF A SOLID. YOU WOULD FIND GASES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND LOW PRESSURES. YOU WOULD FIND LIQUIDS IN BETWEEN. THE TRIPLE POINT REPRESENTS THE ONLY CONDITIONS WHERE ALL THREE PHASES WOULD BE IN EQUILIBRIUM. ABOVE THE CRITICAL POINT, IT WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN A LIQUID AND A GAS.