Management of Aeronautical Science Module 6 Human Factors and Crew Resource Management from a Management Standpoint Engineering Design and Development © 2013 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION April 4 1907 — Santos-Dumont, disappointed by his failure on March 27 and shocked by Charles Voisin's flight of 197 feet shortly afterwards, tries again with his No. 14bis. He makes a short flight of 164 feet in Saint-Cyr, France.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION April 4 1919 — Lieutenant Cortinez, of the Chilean Army, crosses the Andes Mountains at an altitude of 19,800 feet in a British Bristol monoplane.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION April 4 1944 — USAAF Twentieth Air Force was activated.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION April 4 1946 — Sears, Roebuck & Company begins a new, regular weekly overnight shipment of women's clothing from New York to the West Coast by airplane.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION April 4 1947 — The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is officially founded in Montréal, Canada. It is an inter-governmental organization, established to regulate air transportation on a worldwide basis, its authority restricted only by the number of signatory nations.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION April 4 1966 — British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) opens its first scheduled service to Mexico, flying to Mexico City via Bermuda and Kingston, Jamaica.

Questions / Comments

March/April 2016 27 28 Module 5 Aviation Safety and Security SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY   27 28 Module 5 Aviation Safety and Security Mid Term Exam 29 Module 6 Human Factors / Crew Resource Management Intro 30 Beaufort County Airport 31 1 Flight line Friday 2 3 4 5 Discussion Due 6 7 Paper Due 8 HF and CRM QUIZ 9 10 11 SPRING VACATION 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Module 7 Airports, Airspace and ATC 19 20 21 22 26

Questions / Comments

Management of Aeronautical Science Learning Objectives – Module 6 (3/29/16 – 4/8/16) Human Factors and Crew Resource Management from a Management Standpoint Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to: #1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the aeromedical factors that are essential features in the lives of aviation professionals. # 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Illustrate the principles of the Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) model. # 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Differentiate among the topics that are typically included in current CRM programs.

Management of Aeronautical Science Learning Objectives – Module 6 (3/29/16 – 4/8/16) Human Factors and Crew Resource Management from a Management Standpoint Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to: #4 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describe the evolving concepts of Crew Resource Management. # 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations

Assignments Due – Module 6 (3/29/16 – 4/8/16) Management of Aeronautical Science Assignments Due – Module 6 (3/29/16 – 4/8/16) Review Module 6 Instructions for the following assignments: Discussion Board Due (Human Factors / CRM) (Due Tues Apr 5) – 2 part Paper Due – NTSB Hendricks Report (Thurs Apr 7) 2 – 3 page Quiz Due – Human Factors & CRM (Fri Apr 8) – 20 questions

Questions / Comments

Management of Aeronautical Science Module 6 Human Factors and Crew Resource Management from a Management Standpoint Engineering Design and Development © 2013 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

UA Flight 173 Background: A Portland Crash and a Wake-up Call for the Aviation Industry On December 28, 1978, the crew of United Airlines Flight 173, preparing to land in Portland, Oregon, felt a jolt when the landing gear was lowered. The captain decided to take some time before landing to troubleshoot the landing gear. Approximately 23 minutes later, the aircraft crashed into the woods about 6 miles south of the airport. The landing gear was not the cause of the crash! The airplane ran out of fuel while the crew was troubleshooting the landing gear. From the wreckage of United 173, the new discipline of Crew Resource Management (CRM) was born. United Airlines created a program to teach pilots about the most complex systems in their airplanes – the pilots themselves. United’s program is now called C/L/R (Command/Leadership/Resource Management).

Describe the evolving concepts of Crew Resource Management. A) Give examples of Crew Monitoring and Cross-Checking. B) Give examples of Joint CRM Training. C) Give examples of Error Management. D) Give examples of Advanced CRM. E) Give examples of Culture issues.

Give examples of Crew Monitoring and Cross-Checking. Several studies of crew performance, incidents, and accidents have identified inadequate flightcrew monitoring and cross-checking as a problem for aviation safety. Therefore, to ensure the highest levels of safety, each flight crewmember must carefully monitor the aircraft’s flight path and systems and actively cross-check the actions of other crewmembers.

Give examples of Crew Monitoring and Cross-Checking. Effective monitoring and cross-checking can be the last line of defense that prevents an accident because detecting an error or unsafe situation may break the chain of events leading to an accident. This monitoring function is always essential, and particularly so during approach and landing when controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) accidents are most common.

Give examples of Joint CRM Training. More carriers are discovering the value of expanding CRM training to reach various employee groups beyond flightcrew and flight attendants. Dissimilar groups are being brought together in CRM training and in other activities. The objective is to improve the effectiveness and safety of the entire operations team as a working system.

Give examples of Joint CRM Training. Dedicated CRM training courses for maintenance personnel have been operating since 1991. Even broader cross-pollination of CRM concepts has been considered, using other groups such as passenger service agents, mid- and upper-level managers, and special crisis teams like hijack and bomb-threat teams.

Give examples of Joint CRM Training. Topics for joint training include: (a) Pre-flight briefings; (b) Post incident/accident procedures; (c) Sterile cockpit procedures; (d) Notification procedures (pre-takeoff and pre-landing); (e) Procedures for turbulence and other weather; (f) Security procedures

Give examples of Joint CRM Training. (g) Passenger-handling procedures; (h) In-flight medical problems; (i) Smoke/fire procedures; (j) Passenger-related regulations: such as those relating to smoking exit row seating carry-on baggage (k) Authority of the pilot in command.

Give examples of Error Management. It is now understood that pilot errors cannot be entirely eliminated. It is important, therefore, that pilots develop appropriate error management skills and procedures. It is certainly desirable to prevent as many errors as possible, but since they cannot all be prevented, detection and recovery from errors should be addressed in training. Evaluation of pilots should also consider error management (error prevention, detection, and recovery). Evaluation should recognize that since not all errors can be prevented, it is important that errors be managed properly.

Give examples of Advanced CRM. CRM performance requirements or procedures are being integrated into the SOPs of certain air carriers. Specific callouts, checks, and guidance have been included in normal checklists, the quick-reference handbook (QRH), abnormal/emergency procedures, manuals, and job aids. This integration captures CRM principles into explicit procedures used by flightcrews.

Give examples of Culture issues. While individuals and even teams of individuals may perform well under many conditions, they are subject to the influence of at least three cultures – the professional cultures of the individuals themselves, the cultures of their organizations, and the national cultures surrounding the individuals and their organizations. If not recognized and addressed, factors related to culture may degrade crew performance. Hence, effective CRM training must address culture issues, as appropriate in each training population.

Questions / Comments

Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations Explain the three Crew Performance Marker Clusters that FAA has identified for CRM training. B) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the four areas of the Communications Processes and Decision Behavior Cluster. C) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Team Building and Maintenance Cluster. D) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Workload Management and Situation Awareness Cluster.

Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations Explain the three Crew Performance Marker Clusters that FAA has identified for CRM training. B) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the four areas of the Communications Processes and Decision Behavior Cluster. C) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Team Building and Maintenance Cluster. D) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Workload Management and Situation Awareness Cluster.

Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations Explain the three Crew Performance Marker Clusters that FAA has identified for CRM training. B) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the four areas of the Communications Processes and Decision Behavior Cluster. C) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Team Building and Maintenance Cluster. D) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Workload Management and Situation Awareness Cluster.

Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations Explain the three Crew Performance Marker Clusters that FAA has identified for CRM training. B) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the four areas of the Communications Processes and Decision Behavior Cluster. C) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Team Building and Maintenance Cluster. D) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Workload Management and Situation Awareness Cluster.

Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations Explain the three Crew Performance Marker Clusters that FAA has identified for CRM training. B) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the four areas of the Communications Processes and Decision Behavior Cluster. C) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Team Building and Maintenance Cluster. D) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Workload Management and Situation Awareness Cluster.

Analyze CRM performance marker clusters for their applicability to different crew situations Explain the three Crew Performance Marker Clusters that FAA has identified for CRM training. B) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the four areas of the Communications Processes and Decision Behavior Cluster. C) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Team Building and Maintenance Cluster. D) Examine the behavior markers that FAA lists in the two areas of the Workload Management and Situation Awareness Cluster.