SGO Review Power Point: 1. Classifying & Exploring Life 2. Cell Structure & Function 3. Genetics 4. Ecology Test is on Friday, May 29 th !!!

To prepare for the SGO… Be sure to complete the study guide COMPLETLEY. Ask for help if you are stuck on any questions in the study guide. Use this review power point to help you study.

SECTION 1: CLASSIFYING & EXLPORING LIFE

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? An autotroph is an organism that makes its own food. A heterotroph is an organism that gets its food from another source.

What is the difference between a multicellular organism and a unicellular organism? Unicellular organisms have only one cell. Multicellular organisms have two or more cells.

What is the difference between response and stimuli? Response is an organism’s reaction to a change in their surroundings. Stimulus is a change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react.

What is the difference between growth and development? Growth is the increase in the size of an organism. Development is the ability for an organism to change so that it becomes more complex.

What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is an organism’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions.

What is reproduction? Reproduction is the ability to produce offspring that are similar to the parents.

1.Water 2.Energy use 3.Internal stable conditions 4.Living space/shelter What are the four needs of living things?

What are the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Eukaryotes = nucleus Prokaryotes = no nucleus (Hint: pro rhymes with no, so no nucleus in prokaryotes)

8 Levels of Classification: in order from the most general to the most specific 1.Domain 2.Kingdom 3.Phylum 4.Class 5.Order 6.Family 7.Genus 8.Species

What level is the most general? What level is the most specific? Domain is the most general and includes a broad variety of organisms. Species is the most specific level of classification.

SECTION 2: CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Cell Functions Rigid, outermost structure that protects the plant cell: ______________ Controls what goes in and out of the cell: _________ Gel-like material that holds cell organelles: ________ Brain of the cell, controls functions: ______________ Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

Cell Functions Found in the nucleus, produces ribosomes: ________ Controls what goes in and out of the nucleus: ______ In plant cells, used during photosynthesis: ________ Receives, packages, and transports protein: _______ Nucleolus Nuclear Membrane Chloroplasts Golgi body

Cell Functions Produces energy for the cell: _____________ Contains DNA & carries genetic info: ________ Produces proteins: ___________ Pathways with ribosomes: _____________ Mitochondria Chromatin Ribosomes Rough ER

Cell Functions Pathways without ribosomes: ____________ Break down large food particles: __________ Involved with cell division: _______________ Storage area, holds water, wastes, food: _______ Smooth ER Lysosomes Centriole Vacuole

Label the Animal Cell:

How do molecules move in passive transport? Passive transport: moves from high to low concentration (no energy – going downhill)

How do molecules move in active transport? Active transport: moves from low to high concentration (needs energy – going uphill)

What is Osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

What is cellular respiration? A series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a useable form of energy called ATP.

What is photosynthesis? A series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food-energy molecule glucose and gives off oxygen.

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? Write the equation for cellular respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O > 6CO 2 + 6H energy (ATP) ( sugar) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water) Reactants Products

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis: ReactantsProducts

SECTION 3: GENETICS

Genetics Vocabulary: Who is the “father of genetics”? Gregor Mendel, studied pea plants What is a trait? Physical characteristics of organisms What is heredity? Passing of traits from parent to offspring What is genetics? Scientific study of heredity

Genetics Vocabulary: What are genes? Factors that control traits What are alleles? Different forms of a gene One allele is inherited from each parent Alleles can be dominant or recessive

Dominant and Recessive Alleles: What is a dominant allele? Always seen if present Indicated by a capitol letter (T) What is a recessive allele? Masked or hidden if dominant allele is present Indicated by a lower case letter (t)

Homozygous and Heterozygous: What is homozygous? An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait TT – homozygous dominant tt – homozygous recessive What is heterozygous? An organism that has two different alleles for a trait Tt – heterozygous – will show the dominant trait

Heterozygous & Homozygous Practice: Homozygous (HO) or Heterozygous (HE): AA ____ Bb ____ Cc ____ Dd ____ Ee ____ ff ____ GG ____ HH ____ HO HE HO HE

Phenotypes and Genotypes: What is a phenotype? Physical appearance or visible trait Example is flower color, stem height, etc. What is a genotype? The genetic makeup or allele combination Examples are TT or Tt Genotypes determine phenotypes

Determine the Phenotype: Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers PP _____________ Pp _____________ pp _____________ Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes BB ____________ Bb ____________ bb ____________ Purple White Brown Blue Brown

For each phenotype list the genotype: Straight hair is dominant to curly. ____________ straight ____________ straight ____________ curly Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. ____________ pointed ____________ pointed ____________ round SS Ss ss PP Pp pp

What are Punnett Squares? Punnett Squares chart that shows all possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross. Used to determine the probability of a particular outcome. The probability is the likeliness that an event will occur.

Punnett Square Practice: ________ x ________ In pea plants, purple flowers are dominant over white flowers, which are recessive. Cross a homozygous dominant parent with a homozygous recessive parent. What is the outcome for this cross? PP pp P p p Pp 100% Purple Flowers

Punnett Square Practice: ________ x ________ What is the probability of producing offspring that have short whiskers from a cross of two long-whiskered seals, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous? What is the outcome for long whiskers and short whiskers? LL Ll L l LL Ll LL 100% Long, 0% Short

SECTION 4: ECOLOGY

What are the biotic factors in the pictures below? Biotic: The living parts of a habitat clown fish sea anemone panda bamboo plants

What are the abiotic factors in the pictures below? Abiotic: The non-living parts of a habitat water temperature of water oxygen (dissolved in the water) oxygen (air) sunlight soil or dirt temperature

What is a species? A group of organisms that are physically similar and that can mate and produce fertile offspring.

What is a population? All the members of one species in a particular area.

What is a community? All the different populations that live together in an area.

What is an ecosystem? A community of organisms that live in an area along with their non living surroundings.

What is ecology? The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment.

Organize the following: single organism, ecosystem, population, and community Single organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Smaller Larger

Changes in Population Size Using the following key terms: birth rate, death rate, emigration, and immigration, answer the following questions. Which two allow a population to increase? – Birth Rate – Immigration Which two allow a population to decrease? – Death Rate – Emigration

What are limiting factors? An environmental factor that causes a population to decrease. What are examples of limiting factors? – Food and Water – Space – Weather

What is carrying capacity? The largest population that an area can support. – Determined by the limiting factors that are present.

What happens in a predator-prey relationship? A predator hunts the prey for food.

What is a producer? A producer is the source of all energy in an ecosystem. The producers capture the sun’s energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into food molecules in a process called photosynthesis.

What is a consumer? A consumer gets its energy by feeding on other organisms. The three types of consumers are: – Herbivores – Carnivores – Omnivores

What is the difference between the three consumers? A herbivore eats plants. A carnivore eats animals. An omnivore eats both plants and animals.

What is the difference between a scavenger and a decomposer? Decomposers get their energy by breaking down wastes and dead organisms. Scavengers are carnivores that feed on the bodies of dead organisms. Both decomposers and scavengers feed on dead organisms, but decomposers return simple molecules to the environment.

Why is a food web a better description of an ecosystem than a food chain? A food chain shows a specific series of feeding events in an ecosystem. A food web is made up of many overlapping food chains that show feeding relationships for the whole ecosystem.

Interpret the food web: What is the producer? Green Plant What organisms eat the green plant? Mouse, Rabbit, Goat What organisms does the lion eat? Wild cat, jackal, and goat

Good Luck!