What is Ethnography? Martyn Hammersley The Open University NCRM Research Methods Festival 2008.

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Presentation transcript:

What is Ethnography? Martyn Hammersley The Open University NCRM Research Methods Festival 2008

A Contested Concept Definition: uncertain and disputed. History: from anthropology through sociology to the rest of social science.

Methodology or Method? One, both, or neither? In an only partly mythical past, ‘ethnography’ referred to a distinctive mentality embedded in the use of a particular set of methods. Today, there is more diversity in both principle and practice. The meaning of any methodological label is defined partly by its relations with associated terms, in contexts of use.

The Ethnographic Mentality: A Tortured Soul Key components: Understanding (But is it possible?) Process (But also structure?) Discovery (But also construction?)

Sources of data Participant observation and its variants. Interviews (Can there be ethnographic studies that are entirely interview-based?) Documents and artifacts (Official statistics, material culture, and virtual ethnography.) Structured data? (Ethnosemantics, questionnaires.) Ethnographic work as mixing methods?

Processing data Fieldnotes versus electronic recording. Audio- versus video-recording. Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS): friend or foe?

Forms of analysis Theme analysis Thick description Comparative method Discourse and narrative analysis

Some divisive issues What is the role of theory? The problem of focus: discourse versus action/practice? What is context? Macro versus micro, actual versus virtual. The problem of representation: writing, the visual, multi-modality. Theoretical versus applied? Value- neutral or ‘critical’?