Chapter 10 Race and Ethnicity  Race and Ethnicity  Prejudice  Discrimination  Sociological Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Relations  Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States  Global Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the Future

Race and Biology  A _________is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics  Skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other attributes  Race has little meaning biologically due to interbreeding in the human population Characteristics of Ethnic Groups  Unique cultural traits  A sense of _________  A feeling of ________  Ascribed membership from birth  Tendency to occupy a geographic area the tendency to occupy a distinct geographic area by choice and/or for self- protection

Dominant and Subordinate Groups  A dominant group is one that is _________________________  A subordinate group is one whose members__________________ Prejudice  A negative attitude based on generalizations about members of selected racial, ethnic, or other groups  _____________refers to the tendency to regard one’s own culture and group as the standard  _____________are overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories

Racism  A set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group  Recent studies have shown that the underlying reasoning behind racism differs according to factors such as gender, age, class, and geography Theories of Prejudice  _____________________________  People who are frustrated in their efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others  Scapegoat: a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others  ______________________________  The authoritarian personality is characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking

Discrimination  Involves actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group  The ultimate form of discrimination occurs when people are considered to be unworthy to live because of their race or ethnicity  Genocide is the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation o _______________________consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property. o _______________________consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful effect on members of subordinate groups.

Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives  Contact hypothesis  Contact between divergent groups should be positive as long as group members:  Have equal status  Pursue the same goals  Cooperate with one another to achieve goals  Receive positive feedback while interacting

Functionalist Perspectives  Assimilation  A process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture  Acculturation (cultural assimilation) occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominate group traits  Integration (structural assimilation) occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interactions with members of the dominant group  Amalgamation (biological assimilation) occurs when members of different groups intermarry and produce children  Psychological assimilation involves a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individual  Ethnic pluralism  The coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups in one society  Accommodation: when ethnic groups coexist in equality (Switzerland)  Segregation: the spatial and social separation of categories of people (South Africa or American South)

Conflict Perspectives  Focus on economic stratification and the access to power  _________________views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of U.S. society  __________________emphasize the role of the capitalist class in racial exploitation  Split labor market: the division of the economy into:  A primary sector composed of higher paid workers in more secure jobs  A secondary sector of lower-paid workers in jobs with little security and hazardous conditions  The theory of racial formation states that actions of the government substantially define racial and ethnic relations in the United States.

Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States  Native Americans  White Anglo ‑ Saxon Protestants  African Americans  White Ethnic Americans  Asian Americans  Latinos/as  Middle Eastern Americans

Native Americans  Currently 1.6% of U.S. population  Represents a wide diversity of people and cultures  Have been victims of genocide and forced migration WASPS  White Anglo-Saxon Protestants  Whiteness signifies superiority and privilege  Brittish Amerians Asian Americans  Includes Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Koreans, Vietnamese, etc.  Early Chinese worked for very low wages in construction When the jobs were no longer available, they were subjected to extreme forms of discrimination  During WWII, nearly 120,000 Japanese were put in internment camps

African Americans  39.1 million in the U.S. population  12.8% of the population  Lack of consensus about whether African American or black is the preferred term  The first blacks came with the Spanish conquerors.  Between 1619 and the 1860s, Africans were brought to America as slaves 500,00  After emancipation in 1863, they were subject to segregation, lynching, and other forms of discrimination  Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965 sought to eliminate discrimination in education, housing, employment, and health care  Since the 1960s, many African Americans have made significant gains in politics, education, employment, and income  African Americans are still under represented in many areas of life

White Ethnic Americans  Refers to a diversity of immigrants from Ireland, Eastern and Southern European countries  Many arrived in the late 1800s and early 1900s  Experienced high levels of prejudice and discrimination  Anti-Semitism: prejudice and discrimination against Jews Latinos/Hispanic Americans  Includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans  Largest group is Mexican: many were brought in originally as available, cheap labor.  In 1917, Puerto Ricans acquired U.S. citizenship and the right to move freely to and from the mainland Middle Eastern Americans  Includes immigrants from Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, and Jordan  Following the September 11, 2001 attacks by terrorists of middle-eastern origin, hate crimes and other forms of discrimination have escalated

Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the U.S.  In 1980, white Americans made up 80% of the population  In 2007, white Americans made up 70% of the population  By 2056, the roots of the average U.S. resident will be in Africa, Asia, Hispanic countries, the Pacific Islands, or Arabia—not white Europe