Chapter 16: Living Systems―Body Systems Foundations Ms. Johnson

Chapter 16: Living Systems―Body Systems Foundations Ms. Johnson

Objectives Complex organisms show several levels of body organization. Cells are the basic unit of life. Tissues are groups of similar cells that act together to carry out a life process. Organs are groups of tissues that act together to carry out a life process. Organ systems are groups of organs that act together to carry out a life process. Different organ systems act together to carry out these processes. The human body includes the following types of tissues: blood, bone, muscle, nerve, and skin. The human body includes the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems. All body systems are interdependent. The circulatory system and respiratory system act together to bring oxygen in the blood to all body cells.

Vocabulary CellsTissue Organ Organ system CartilageJoint LigamentsTendons Voluntary muscle Locomotion Involuntary muscleBrain Spinal cordNerves Sense organsNeurons Gland Hormones Blood Heart Blood vesselsArteries Veins Capillaries Lymph vessels Cellular respiration RespirationTrachea BronchiLungs SkinKidneys Liver Urea Testes Sperm ducts OvariesOviducts UterusVagina Mammary glands

Human Body Systems Are Interdependent A human being is a complex organism that is made up of a number of body systems. ▫Each system has its own role to contribute to the body. All of the systems are interdependent and work with one another to keep you alive.

Levels of Organization in the Human Body The levels of organization include: 1.Cells 2.Tissues 3.Organs 4.Organ system Cells: the basic unit of living things Our bodies have different types of cells designed to perform different functions.

Levels of Organization in the Human Body Tissues: a group of similar cells acting together to carry out a life process. Organs: a group of tissues working together TissueFunction BloodTransports materials throughout the body BoneSupports and protects the body and organs and helps in movement MuscleHelps body move NerveCarries messages through the body SkinCovers and protects the body OrganFunction HeartPumps blood through body KidneyExcretes waste from blood LungExchange of gases with the environment StomachBreaks down food BrainContains thinking and voluntary actions SkinCovers and protects the body

Levels of Organization in the Human Body Organ systems: a group of organs acting together to carry out specific life processes. SystemFunctionExample of Organ/Parts SkeletalSupports body; protects organsSkull, ribs MuscularMoves organs and body partsArm and leg muscles NervousControls body activities; carries and interprets messages Brain and spinal cord EndocrineRegulates body activities with hormonesAdrenal glands DigestiveBreaks down food into a usable formStomach/intestines CirculatoryCarries materials to cells and waste away from cellsHeart, arteries, veins RespiratoryExchanges gases with the environmentLungs, bronchi ExcretoryRemoves wastes from the bodyKidneys, skin ReproductiveProduces offspringOvaries and testes

The Skeletal System Skeletal system: supports and protects the body and its organs. Includes: ▫Skull ▫Spinal column ▫Breastbone ▫Ribs ▫Limb bones ▫Cartilage

The Skeletal System Bones are made of hard, strong material. Cartilage is softer and more flexible. ▫Acts as a cushion between bones and provides flexibility at the ends of bones Joints are where one bone meets another. ▫They allow the bone to move

The Skeletal System Ligaments: strips of tissues that hold bones together. Tendons: attach muscle to bones ▫Cordlike piece of tissue ▫Ex. the Achilles tendon

The Muscular System Muscles are masses of tissue that contract to move bones or organs. ▫Two types: voluntary and involuntary

The Muscular System Voluntary muscle: muscles that are controlled by our will. ▫Ex. skeletal muscles ▫Ex. muscles in the face and around the eyes Voluntary muscles aid in locomotion (movement) Involuntary muscle: muscles not under our voluntary control. ▫Two types: cardiac and smooth ▫Cardiac muscle is only in the heart and pumps blood ▫Smooth muscle is found in the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems

Regulation The nervous and endocrine system work together to regulate body processes. Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves, and parts of the sense organs. Endocrine system: made up of glands

Regulation: Nervous System Brain: receives and interprets nerve impulses. ▫Controls thinking ▫Controls voluntary action and some involuntary Spinal cord: channels nerve impulses to and from the brain and controls many automatic reflexes. Nerves: provide a means of communication from the sense organs to the bring and spinal cord. Sense organs: skin, eyes, ears, nose, and tongue which receive information from the environment. Neurons: receive and transmit nerve impulses ▫Sensory and motor

Regulation: Endocrine System Glands: an organ that makes and secretes chemicals called hormones. The glands secrete hormones into the blood, and the blood carries the hormone to an organ. The organ then responds in some way, depending on the hormone. ▫Ex. Adrenaline is released when faced with danger from your adrenal gland.  Makes your heart beat and breathing faster.

The Digestive System The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to the cells. Consists of: digestive tract and accessory organs

The Digestive System Digestive tract: a tube in which food travels through the body. ▫Begins at the mouth and continues through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs: the pancreas, gall bladder, and liver. ▫They produce digestive juices that are released into the digestive tract OrganDigestive TractFoods Acted On MouthSalivaStarches StomachGastric juicesProteins Small intestineIntestinal juiceSugars, proteins PancreasPancreatic juiceProteins, starches, fats LiverBileFats

The Digestive System The digestive system breaks down food by physical and chemical means. Physical: ▫Food is broken down by chewing and moved by the muscles in the digestive tract Chemical: ▫Food is broken down into nutrients by chemicals called enzymes. When digestion has been completed, digested materials are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine. Undigested materials (feces) get expelled from the body.

The Circulatory System Nutrients absorbed must be transported to the cells. Circulatory system: brings needed materials such as nutrients, water, and oxygen to the cells and carry away wastes. The components: blood heart, blood vessel (arteries, veins, capillaries), lymph, and lymph vessels.

The Circulatory System Blood: liquid tissue that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Heart: a muscle that contracts regularly to pump blood throughout the body. ▫Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs, where it receives oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. Blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. ▫Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. ▫Veins: return blood to the heart. ▫Capillaries: connect arteries to veins. Lymph: bathes all the cells in the body. Acts as a go-between in the exchange of materials between the blood and cells.

The Respiratory System Cells use oxygen in the process of cellular respiration- this takes place in all body cells. ▫Nutrients from digested food combine with the oxygen to release energy and produce waste (water and CO 2 )

The Respiratory System Respiratory system: brings oxygen from the air to the blood and returns carbon dioxide from the blood to the air. ▫Respiration When you breathe in, air enters and passes through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea branches off to each lung through the bronchi. Oxygen enters the blood while carbon dioxide leaves the cells.

The Respiratory System The oxygen that enters the blood is carried to the cells of the body, where an exchange of gases again takes place. This time, the oxygen leaves the blood and enters the cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the cells and goes into the blood. The carbon dioxide is return to the lungs to be exhaled. This process is repeated constantly.

The Excretory System The activities of the body’s cells produce waste materials that must be removed. These wastes are removed from the blood and from the body. This system consists of: lungs, skin, kidneys, and liver.

The Excretory System Lungs: expel carbon dioxide and water vapor from the body when you exhale. Skin: expels wastes when you perspire ▫Microscopic sweat glands ▫Sweat leaves the body through pores Kidneys: help maintain the balance of water and minerals in the body. ▫Urine is the collected wastes that the kidneys excrete and goes to the bladder Liver: produces urea ▫Leaves the blood and goes to the kidneys and gets expelled in urine

The Reproductive System Responsible for the production of offspring. ▫Two systems: male and female

Reproductive System Male: ▫Consists of: testes, penis, and sperm ducts. Testes: produce sperm cells ▫These pass through sperm ducts during reproduction where they mix with a fluid to form semen Female: ▫Consists of: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and vagina. Ovaries: produce egg cells Once a month, an egg leaves an ovary and travels through one of the oviducts to uterus. ▫If the sperm cells are present, fertilization may take place.

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