History 17C The American People, World War I to the Present 1

From New Cold War to New World Order 2

Themes: In the 1980s the Cold War sharply intensified, only to come to a rapid and stunning end at the close of the decade, leaving the United States as the sole remaining superpower 3

Themes: The manner in which the United States waged the late Cold War, and consolidated its position immediately after the Cold War ended, stimulated new and unexpected challenges to American power in the world, helping to create the turbulent era in which we find ourselves today 4

In early years of presidency, Reagan denounced Soviet Union as “evil empire” and launched massive military buildup 5

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1981— Reagan proposed “zero option”: if Soviets removed their intermediate-range (SS-20) missiles from Eastern Europe, US wouldn’t deploy its own intermediate-range (Cruise and Pershing II) missiles in Western Europe SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles 7

SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles Soviets rejected “zero option” 8

Early 1980s—Reagan’s Cold War policies provoked major protests 9

Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 10

Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 11

Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 13

Summer 1983—Soviets shot down Korean passenger plane, killing

Fall of 1983—the most dangerous moment in the new Cold War 15 Ronald ReaganYuri Andropov

1979—Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan 16

1980s—CIA worked covertly with Saudi and Pakistani governments to recruit young men from across Muslim world to join Mujahidin resisting Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 17

Stinger Missiles 18

1980s—Osama bin Laden took part in effort to oust Soviet Union from Afghanistan—was working in parallel with US 19

Turnover in the Kremlin Leonid Brezhnev

Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov

Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov

Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko

Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko

Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko

Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko

Turnover in the Kremlin Mikhail Gorbachev

Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society 28

Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society Pushed for perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) 29

November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva 30

November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva No major agreement but meeting was hopeful sign 31

October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland 32

October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland Talked about banning all nuclear weapons in 10 years’ time 33

But deal fell through when Reagan refused to give up SDI 34

Fall 1986—Reagan administration’s secret dealings with Iran, and diversion of money to contras, became public knowledge 35

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Early 1987—Gorbachev rescued Reagan by accepting Reagan’s old “zero option” 37

Reagan at the Berlin Wall, June

December 1987—Gorbachev came to Washington and signed Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with Reagan 39

November 1988— Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected president 40

November 1988— Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected president Upon taking office, slowed down pace of rapprochement with Soviet Union 41

But Gorbachev forged ahead to end Cold War 42

1989—Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan 43

Stunning events in Eastern Europe in

Stunning events in Eastern Europe in 1989 November—Berlin Wall came down 45

—Soviet Union faced severe economic conditions; Gorbachev’s reforms allowed citizens freedom to examine and discuss economic problems, but couldn’t solve those problems 46

Boris Yeltsin emerged as challenger 47

December 1991—Yeltsin met with leaders of Ukraine and Belarus and formed Commonwealth of Independent States, effectively abolishing Soviet Union 48

Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 49

Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 50

Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 51

Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 52

Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 53

During Iran-Iraq War ( ) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein

When Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers and Iraqi Kurdish civilians, US criticized Iraq, but only mildly

1990—bitter dispute arose between Iraq and Kuwait Saddam Hussein 56

August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation 57

President Bush reacted cautiously at first 58

Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand 59

Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal 60

Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution 61

Massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia 62

November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15,

January 17, 1991—After UN deadline passed, Bush launched air war against Iraq (“Desert Storm”) 64

Damage to Iraqi Infrastructure 65

February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces 66

Iraqi forces quickly capitulated 67

Casualties of war 68

Casualties of war 69

In wake of victory, Bush’s approval rating shot up to 89 percent 70

March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out 71

Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis 72

US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively 73

Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad 74

Early 1990s—Bin Laden turned against Saudi regime because it allowed US troops to occupy Saudi Arabia

Bill Clinton vs. George H. W. Bush,