History 17C The American People, World War I to the Present 1
From New Cold War to New World Order 2
Themes: In the 1980s the Cold War sharply intensified, only to come to a rapid and stunning end at the close of the decade, leaving the United States as the sole remaining superpower 3
Themes: The manner in which the United States waged the late Cold War, and consolidated its position immediately after the Cold War ended, stimulated new and unexpected challenges to American power in the world, helping to create the turbulent era in which we find ourselves today 4
In early years of presidency, Reagan denounced Soviet Union as “evil empire” and launched massive military buildup 5
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1981— Reagan proposed “zero option”: if Soviets removed their intermediate-range (SS-20) missiles from Eastern Europe, US wouldn’t deploy its own intermediate-range (Cruise and Pershing II) missiles in Western Europe SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles 7
SS-20 missiles Pershing II and Cruise missiles Soviets rejected “zero option” 8
Early 1980s—Reagan’s Cold War policies provoked major protests 9
Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 10
Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 11
Spring 1983—Reagan proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), aka “Star Wars” 13
Summer 1983—Soviets shot down Korean passenger plane, killing
Fall of 1983—the most dangerous moment in the new Cold War 15 Ronald ReaganYuri Andropov
1979—Soviet Union had invaded Afghanistan 16
1980s—CIA worked covertly with Saudi and Pakistani governments to recruit young men from across Muslim world to join Mujahidin resisting Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 17
Stinger Missiles 18
1980s—Osama bin Laden took part in effort to oust Soviet Union from Afghanistan—was working in parallel with US 19
Turnover in the Kremlin Leonid Brezhnev
Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov
Turnover in the Kremlin Yuri Andropov
Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko
Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko
Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko
Turnover in the Kremlin Konstantin Chernenko
Turnover in the Kremlin Mikhail Gorbachev
Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society 28
Gorbachev recognized dire state of Soviet economy and society Pushed for perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness) 29
November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva 30
November 1985— Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva No major agreement but meeting was hopeful sign 31
October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland 32
October 1986— Reagan and Gorbachev met again in Reykjavik, Iceland Talked about banning all nuclear weapons in 10 years’ time 33
But deal fell through when Reagan refused to give up SDI 34
Fall 1986—Reagan administration’s secret dealings with Iran, and diversion of money to contras, became public knowledge 35
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Early 1987—Gorbachev rescued Reagan by accepting Reagan’s old “zero option” 37
Reagan at the Berlin Wall, June
December 1987—Gorbachev came to Washington and signed Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty with Reagan 39
November 1988— Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected president 40
November 1988— Vice President George H. W. Bush was elected president Upon taking office, slowed down pace of rapprochement with Soviet Union 41
But Gorbachev forged ahead to end Cold War 42
1989—Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan 43
Stunning events in Eastern Europe in
Stunning events in Eastern Europe in 1989 November—Berlin Wall came down 45
—Soviet Union faced severe economic conditions; Gorbachev’s reforms allowed citizens freedom to examine and discuss economic problems, but couldn’t solve those problems 46
Boris Yeltsin emerged as challenger 47
December 1991—Yeltsin met with leaders of Ukraine and Belarus and formed Commonwealth of Independent States, effectively abolishing Soviet Union 48
Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 49
Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 50
Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 51
Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 52
Who (or What) Won the Cold War? 53
During Iran-Iraq War ( ) Reagan administration tilted toward Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Saddam Hussein
When Iraq used chemical weapons against Iranian soldiers and Iraqi Kurdish civilians, US criticized Iraq, but only mildly
1990—bitter dispute arose between Iraq and Kuwait Saddam Hussein 56
August 1990—Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, subjecting it to brutal occupation 57
President Bush reacted cautiously at first 58
Margaret Thatcher and George H. W. Bush... but quickly decided that invasion must not stand 59
Summer 1990—Bush got UN Security Council to pass resolution demanding Iraqi withdrawal 60
Summer-Fall 1990—Bush lined up diverse coalition of countries prepared to enforce resolution 61
Massive multinational force materialized in Saudi Arabia 62
November 1990—UN Security Council passed resolution authorizing use of force against Iraq if it didn’t withdraw from Kuwait by January 15,
January 17, 1991—After UN deadline passed, Bush launched air war against Iraq (“Desert Storm”) 64
Damage to Iraqi Infrastructure 65
February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces 66
Iraqi forces quickly capitulated 67
Casualties of war 68
Casualties of war 69
In wake of victory, Bush’s approval rating shot up to 89 percent 70
March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out 71
Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis 72
US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively 73
Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad 74
Early 1990s—Bin Laden turned against Saudi regime because it allowed US troops to occupy Saudi Arabia
Bill Clinton vs. George H. W. Bush,