Thermoregulation

Regulating temperature in animals Ectothermic = obtain body heart from environment; “cold-blooded” Endothermic = generate own body heat; “warm- blooded”

Homeostasis Mechanisms: Cooling by evaporation Warming by metabolism Adjusting surface area to regulate temperature Countercurrent exchange

Cooling by evaporation Lose heat by sweating Water vaporizes = cooling Evaporative heat loss can occur from respiratory tract = animal panting

Warming by metabolism Muscle contraction and other metabolic activities require energy Energy gives off heat Heat generated when animals shiver Heat generated when metabolizing fat

Adjusting surface area to regulate temperature Extremities of bodies add surface area to body to cool off body

Countercurrent exchange Conserves body heat when blood flows toward extremity Returns cooler blood back towards the heart

Animal Behavior

Behavior Can be inherited through genes (innate) Can be learned through interactions with environment (learned)

Innate Behaviors Instinct = inherited Ex. parents care for offspring (mammals) Fixed action patters (FAPs) = follow regular pattern Ex. goose sees egg out of nest, will roll egg back to nest Imprinting = during critical period of animal’s life Ex. ducks accepting nonrelated species as their mother

Learned Behaviors Associative learning = learning that 2 or more events are connected Classical Conditioning = Pavlov’s experiment

Learned Behaviors Trial and Error learning (operant conditioning) = animal connects its own behavior with environmental response Ex. dog barking = shock collar

Learned Behavior Spatial learning = animal associates attributes of location with reward Ex. wasps associate a nearby marker (pine cones) for location of their nest

Learned Behavior Habituation = allows animal to disregard meaningless stimuli Ex. child in Wal-Mart

Learned Behavior Observational learning = copy behavior of another animal without experience any prior positive reinforcement Ex. Japanese monkey remove sand from potato by holding potato in one hand and using the other hand to brush off sand