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24 LITERATURE REVIEWS Conducted to ensure a researcher is familiar with ‘all’ of the what is known about a particular field Conducted to ensure a researcher is familiar with ‘all’ of the what is known about a particular field Often published in order to bring other researchers (and MSc students) up to speed quickly in an unfamiliar field Often published in order to bring other researchers (and MSc students) up to speed quickly in an unfamiliar field Need to have the scope of the review carefully defined Need to have the scope of the review carefully defined Not too big such that adequate coverage is infeasible, and there is too much literature to review and the review becomes unfocussed (and thereby not useful) Not too big such that adequate coverage is infeasible, and there is too much literature to review and the review becomes unfocussed (and thereby not useful) Not too narrow such that there are too few papers to include Not too narrow such that there are too few papers to include

7 FORM OF A LITERATURE REVIEW… Requires reading literature from a variety of sources Requires reading literature from a variety of sources Forming some form of taxonomy or structure for your review Forming some form of taxonomy or structure for your review Identifying where in your taxonomy the various contributions from the literature fall Identifying where in your taxonomy the various contributions from the literature fall Critically reviewing the literature Critically reviewing the literature Identifying different approaches, contradictions between contributions, analysis of strengths and weaknesses Identifying different approaches, contradictions between contributions, analysis of strengths and weaknesses Not simply pasting quotes from different papers Not simply pasting quotes from different papers Drawing your own conclusions, particularly concerning completeness of coverage Drawing your own conclusions, particularly concerning completeness of coverage Highlight implications for your work (if appropriate) Highlight implications for your work (if appropriate)

8 Example of a literature review Hand, C. "A Survey of 3D Interaction Techniques". Computer Graphics Forum, 16(5): (Dec 1997) (Abstract) Recent gains in the performance of 3D graphics hardware and rendering systems have not been matched by a corresponding improvement in our knowledge of how to interact with the virtual environments we create; therefore there is a need to examine these further if we are to improve the overall quality of our interactive 3D systems. This paper examines some of the interaction techniques which have been developed for object manipulation, navigation and application control in 3D virtual environments. The use of both mouse-based techniques and 3D input devices is considered, along with the role of feedback and some aspects of tools and widgets.

9 Example of a literature review Hand, C. "A Survey of 3D Interaction Techniques". Computer Graphics Forum, 16(5): (Dec 1997) (Abstract) Recent gains in the performance of 3D graphics hardware and rendering systems have not been matched by a corresponding improvement in our knowledge of how to interact with the virtual environments we create; therefore there is a need to examine these further if we are to improve the overall quality of our interactive 3D systems. This paper examines some of the interaction techniques which have been developed for object manipulation, navigation and application control in 3D virtual environments. The use of both mouse-based techniques and 3D input devices is considered, along with the role of feedback and some aspects of tools and widgets. rationale

10 Example of a literature review Hand, C. "A Survey of 3D Interaction Techniques". Computer Graphics Forum, 16(5): (Dec 1997) (Abstract) Recent gains in the performance of 3D graphics hardware and rendering systems have not been matched by a corresponding improvement in our knowledge of how to interact with the virtual environments we create; therefore there is a need to examine these further if we are to improve the overall quality of our interactive 3D systems. This paper examines some of the interaction techniques which have been developed for object manipulation, navigation and application control in 3D virtual environments. The use of both mouse-based techniques and 3D input devices is considered, along with the role of feedback and some aspects of tools and widgets. Scope of review

11 Example of a literature review Hand, C. "A Survey of 3D Interaction Techniques". Computer Graphics Forum, 16(5): (Dec 1997) (Abstract) Recent gains in the performance of 3D graphics hardware and rendering systems have not been matched by a corresponding improvement in our knowledge of how to interact with the virtual environments we create; therefore there is a need to examine these further if we are to improve the overall quality of our interactive 3D systems. This paper examines some of the interaction techniques which have been developed for object manipulation, navigation and application control in 3D virtual environments. The use of both mouse-based techniques and 3D input devices is considered, along with the role of feedback and some aspects of tools and widgets. Indication of taxonomy

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13 Sources of information Scientific journals Conference proceedings (refereed and unrefereed) Magazines, newspapers WWW Important to differentiate between reported investigations and reported opinion Conclusions of any investigation contain some element of informed opinion or judgement Sources of information must be cited appropriately

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15 Foreign bibliographic standards APA – American Psychological Association (5th ed.): Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2005). Title of article. Title of Journal, 10(2), Council of Biology Editors - CBE 6th, Citation-Sequence Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Title of Journal 2005;10(2): Chicago 15th Edition (Author-Date System) Author, Alan A., B. B. Author, and C. Author Title of article. Title of Journal 10, (2): Harvard Author, A.A., Author, B.B. & Author, C.C. 2005, "Title of article", Title of Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp Harvard - British Standard AUTHOR, A.A., AUTHOR, B.B. and AUTHOR, C.C., Title of article. Title of Journal, 10(2), pp NLM - National Library of Medicine Author AA, Author BB, Author, CC. Title of article. Title of Journal. 2005;10(2):49-53.

16 RECORDING THE LITERATURE The most suitable method of recording notes is the card system. The recording system involves use of two sets of cards: Source cards – used for noting bibliographic information. Note cards – used for actual note taking.

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21 Urgency conditions change insufficient degree of a problem readiness Occurrence of new prospects of development Need in practical recommendations Orientation on the key problems decision Requirement for experience generalization Felt importance of the ripened problem Ageing of available scientific workings out THE FACTORS DEFINING AN URGENCY