Impact of the New Deal Chapter 15 Sections 3 & 5

Women Frances Perkins- 1st Cabinet member Sec. of Labor Female diplomats & federal judges 1936 poll- 82% of Americans say women should not work if their husband does. Working women still increase

African-Americans A. Phillip Randolph- heads all black trade union FDR appoints 100 African-Americans to govt. positions Mary McLeod Bethune was head of Negro Affairs w/ the NYA Helped organize a “black cabinet” to advise FDR Marian Anderson refused by D.A.R. Eleanor takes it personally, gets the performance on the steps of Lincoln Memorial

Civil Rights FDR never really supports civil rights; despite his efforts Doesn’t approve an anti-lynching bill or ending poll tax Most African-Americans support him anyway He has done more than predecessors

Other Groups Mexican-Americans discriminated against; work in farming. Wages $0.09/ hr.; hard to unionize Native Americans get strong support; John Collier appointed Indian Reorganization Act 1934; move away from assimilation Economically- give back land Culturally- move schools to reservation Politically- allow elections of tribal councils.

New Deal Coalition Made up of diverse groups dedicated to supporting Democrats Includes Southern whites, urban groups, African-Americans and unionized workers Democrats dominate politics throughout 30’s & 40’s

Labor Unions FDR pro-labor legislation gets more union support Membership 3 million-10 million (8 yrs) Industries struggle for dominance AFL competes against newly formed CIO (Congress of Industrial Organization) Made up of skilled & semi-skilled workers New “sit down” strikes occur; some turn violent

FDR continues his plans… Thinks about doing a 3 rd New Deal… Reluctant to keep deficit spending 1937 the economy had improved Cut back on New Deal policies Begins to worry about European affairs Despite criticisms throughout the New Deal, Roosevelt struck a good balance Unregulated capitalism & overregulated socialism

Expanding govt. role in economy Federal deficit rose $2.9 billion in 1934 Wartime spending sends it to $54.5 billion Creates FDIC and SEC to regulate banking and investments Putting govt. money into economy, creating jobs, regulating supply & demand, getting involved in labor disputes (NLRB). Labor standards, Wagner Act, etc.

Social & Environmental effects Social Security- one of the most important- govt. assumes social welfare for its citizens. Agriculture and rural areas affected by plans like AAA and electrification. Protecting the environment- the CCC plant trees etc. Soil conservation teaches smart farming. TVA creates hydroelectricity & flood control National park system and pollution control