THE NEW DEAL AFFECTS MANY GROUPS Chapter 15.3

MAIN IDEA  New deal policies and actions affected various social and ethnic groups Women African-Americans Mexican-Americans Native Americans  Made a lasting impact on the increasing government's role in the struggle for equal rights.

WOMEN  Women fought against long standing patterns of prejudice and discrimination  Male workers believed women took jobs away from them (82% of Americans believed that a wife should not work if her husband had a job)  Wage codes were set and women were paid less IF they were able to be hired

WOMEN WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE  Eleanor Roosevelt Social reformer who traveled the country, observed social conditions, and reminded her husband what was needed among the people Urged the President to appoint women to government positions as well as African- Americans  Frances Perkins First female cabinet member Played a major role in creating the Social Security system and supervised labor legislation  Mary McLeod Bethune (African American) Head of the division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration Ensured that the NYA hired African- Americans and provided benefits to minority students

AFRICAN-AMERICANS  Roosevelt appointed more than 100 African-Americans to key positions in the government  Roosevelt never fully committed to civil rights…Why?  Roosevelt refused to approve a federal anti-lynching law and an end to the poll tax  Lower wages were given to African Americans

AFRICAN-AMERICANS WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE  Mary McLeod Bethune-educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African-Americans  Black Cabinet-influential African Americans who advised Roosevelt on racial issues William H. Hastie and Robert C. Weaver  Marian Anderson-world renowned singer who sang at the Lincoln Memorial and 1 st African American to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in NY  Southern Tenant Farmers Union-sought to protect the rights of tenant farmers and sharecroppers, both white and black to increase job opportunities

MEXICAN-AMERICANS  Received even fewer benefits than African-Americans.  Most were migrant farm workers who received pay of $.09 an hour.  When they tried to unionize, often were met with violence.  Since migrant workers had no permanent address, agencies like the CCC and the WPA would disqualify Mexican Americans from their programs.  During the Great Depresion, as many as 400,000 Mexican-Americans were deported to Mexico (many who were US citizens).

 In 1924, by law, Native Americans received full citizenship  The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 headed by John Collier helped create autonomy and restore some reservation lands to tribal ownership  Economic Prohibited the government from taking over unclaimed reservation land  Cultural Children could attend school on the reservation  Political Tribes could elect tribal council to govern their reservations NATIVE AMERICANS Indian Reorganization Act

NEW DEAL COALITION  Diverse groups dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party Southern whites Urban groups African Americans Unionized industrial workers

 Pro-labor legislation passed during the New Deal increased bargaining power and working conditions  From , union membership grew from 3 million to 10 million  The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) is founded in 1938 to organize industrial unions.  Bargaining tactics Sit down strike  Non-peaceful labor strikes Memorial Day Massacre NEW DEAL COALITION Labor Unions Labor Disputes

1936 ELECTION  Support for the Democratic party surged The 12 largest cities supported FDR because of services and jobs  Support came from various religious and ethnic groups Roman-Catholics, Jews, African-Americans, Italians, Irish, Polish, and other Slavic peoples  His appeal was based on labor laws and work-relief programs  Appointed many officials of urban-immigrant backgrounds to important government positions